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PMP > Agile (Sections 20-23) > Flashcards

Agile (Sections 20-23) Flashcards

1
Q

How is documentation viewed in agile methodology?

A

Created just in time - has minimal value because things are always changing

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2
Q

What is the primary measure of progress in an agile methodology?

A

Value delivered; working software

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3
Q

What is the empirical process control theory?

A

Scrum employs an iterative, incremental approach to optimize predictability and control risk.

Knowledge comes from experience.

Past results tell us what future results are going to happen.

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4
Q

Three SCRUM Pillars

A
  1. Transparency
  2. Inspection
  3. Adaption (Adapt and overcome)
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5
Q

What is an example of transparency?

A

An agreed-upon definition of what “done” means (DoD = Definition of Done)

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6
Q

What is an example of inspection?

A

Daily scrum, sprint planning, sprint retrospectives

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7
Q

What happens if there are problems/issues in Scrum methodology?

A

Figure out a way to fix them ASAP vs. waiting until the end of the project (like in waterfall) - Adjust in real-time. This minimizes deviation from what the customer is expecting

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8
Q

What is Acceptance Test-Driven Development?

A

Working with team members with different perspectives (e.g. customer, coding, etc) to write acceptance tests before starting to integrate the functionality

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9
Q

What is affinity estimation and why is it used?

A

A method used to place user stories in a larger, affiliated group. Used to prioritize the product backlog quicker

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10
Q

What is a burn-down chart?

A

At the end of an iteration, this displays progress. This refers to how the backlog will lessen during the iteration

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11
Q

What are characteristics of a predictive life cycle?

A

Fixed requirements, single delivery, and activities are performed once

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12
Q

In which life cycle are activities repeated until they are correct?

A

Agile

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13
Q

In which life cycle is the main delivery component, customer value?

A

Agile

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14
Q

What is the difference between Agile vs Iterative vs Incremental?

A

Agile = Multiple deliveries

Iterative = Concerned with the correctness of the solution so there is only a single delivery upon release

Incremental = Multiple/mini bundles of deliverables that are repeated, but there is a specific threshold that needs to be hit to go-live/get ROI

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15
Q

In which methodologies can you adjust the first go-live once developed?

A

Only agile; in incremental the first requirement is frozen once developed

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16
Q

What does the team choose from the product backlog?

A

User stories

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17
Q

What is the sprint timebox?

A

The Sprint is a timebox of one month or less in which the scrum team will deliver the Sprint

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18
Q

What two reflective meetings are included in the sprint (<4 weeks)?

A

Sprint review

Sprint retrospective

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19
Q

Who are the user stories written by?

A

The Product Owner

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20
Q

What is “Increment” in a Sprint?

A

A potentially releasable part of the final product

A sum of all the backlog items completed so far - the Increment increases after each Sprint

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21
Q

Which of these can change once the Sprint is started? Sprint Backlog or Product Backlog?

A

Product Backlog - Product Owners may still add to it, but the Sprint Backlog should stay the same once the Sprint starts

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22
Q

Who has the authority to cancel a sprint?

A

Product Owner

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23
Q

What is the indicator that a sprint should be started?

A

Product Backlog has the necessary # of stories (does not need to be fully completed!)

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24
Q

What three parties should attend the Sprint Planning meeting (typically in 1 meeting)?

A

Product Owner
Development Team
Project Manager

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25
Q

Who is responsible for ranking and ordering the Product Backlog?

A

Product Owner

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26
Q

Who is responsible for choosing the # of items they can create, within a fixed amount of time, and estimating the effort?

A

Development Team

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27
Q

What happens to the User Stories once the Development Team confirms they can complete them within a sprint?

A

They add them to the Sprint Backlog and they are fixed for the period of the sprint

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28
Q

What is required for a Product Increment to be delivered?

A

DoD - Definition of Done

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29
Q

Who creates the detailed plan, and what are examples of what it might include?

A

Dependencies, detailed estimates, other tracking information

Done by the Development team

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30
Q

Are all tasks created at the Sprint Planning meeting?

A

No, some are created throughout the Sprint

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31
Q

What is the Sprint Review and how long does it take?

A

4 hours per 1 month sprint

A demo of things that are DoD (DONE)

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32
Q

What does the Product Owner do during the Sprint Review?

A

Discusses the Product Backlog and likely completion dates

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33
Q

What is a Sprint Retrospective, and when does it take place?

A

3 hours per 1 month sprint

After the Review but before the end of the Sprint

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34
Q

Why does longer sprint length = higher risk?

A

People will leave the project, more potential for disruption, changing responsibilities

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35
Q

What is considered “definable work?”

A

Definable work has a clear procedure that’s proven successful in the past

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36
Q

How are user stories split amongst sprints?

A

They aren’t - a user story should be completed within one sprint

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37
Q

What is the “Sprint Goal?”

A

An objective for the sprint - tells the Development Team why they are building the increment

38
Q

What are the roles on the Scrum team?

A

Product Owner
Scrum Master
Developers

Additional roles don’t align with Scrum methodology

39
Q

How are the words ‘Increment’ and ‘Sprint’ related?

A

An Increment is the sum of all product backlog items completed during a Sprint (can include value of Increments of previous Sprints)

As such, an Increment is the latest stable and usable version of a Product

40
Q

What is the primary goal of scrum methodology?

A

Employ an iterative and incremental (knowledge/experience) approach to make projects more PREDICTABLE and LESS RISKY

41
Q

What is the Agile manifesto?

A

A statement that affects Agile philosophy

  1. Individuals and interactions over processes & tools
  2. Working software over comprehensive documentation
  3. Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
  4. Responding to changes over following a plan
42
Q

You’re the project manager for a new project that utilizes on-demand scheduling. It uses a backlog of requirements, and as resources become available in the project, the next requirement is launched. This pull-based approach to scheduling is used with what type of system?

A

Kanban - as a “signboard” is used to show what’s being worked on, how many requirements are completed, and how many requirements remain to be worked on.

43
Q

Which project management life cycle is most likely to use a Kanban board?

A

Adaptive

44
Q

What does a Kanban board show?

A

What’s currently being worked on
How many requirements are being completed
How many requirements remain to be worked on

45
Q

Which of these is not part of agile?

Scrum, backlog management, Feature-Driven Development, eXtreme Programming, Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)

A

Backlog management

46
Q

What’s Agile’s inverted triangle model and why is it called “inverted?”

A

Time & Cost are FIXED

Scope is VARIABLE

(Inversion of the Waterfall Iron Triangle)

47
Q

What does it mean to “be agile?”

A

Being agile isn’t simply a matter of using a certain set of tools, practices, or following a specific methodology. Agility involves a NEW WAY OF THINKING based on the Agile Manifest, including values and principles.

48
Q

What is the difference between “doing agile” and “being agile?”

A

Being agile isn’t simply a matter of using a certain set of tools, practices, or following a specific methodology. Agility involves a new way of thinking based on the Agile Manifest, including values and principles.

49
Q

You’re a member of a project team that’s currently working on a new smartphone app. As a member of a project team in an agile environment, you must do all of the following, except (choose one) -

  • Coach others
  • See the value of the agile approach
  • Experience the benefits that agile provides
  • Have quick victories
A

Coach others

50
Q

What does the agile concept of “eat dessert first” mean?

A

The promotion of early value delivery. This means aiming to deliver the highest value portions of the project as soon as possible.

51
Q

What are the 12 principles of the Agile Manifesto?

A
  1. Welcome Changes
  2. Frequent Delivery
  3. Collocated Team
  4. Motivated Individuals
  5. Face to Face Conversation
  6. Working Software
  7. Constant Pace
  8. Continuous Attention
  9. Simplicity
  10. Self-Organization
  11. Regular Reflection
  12. Customer Satisfaction
52
Q

What are the differences between Industrial and Knowledge work projects?

A

Industrial is task-driven and the workers are considered a COST

Knowledge is less structured and more “invisible” and the core goal is to create value; workers are considered an ASSET (Agile is considered a Knowledge Work Project)

53
Q

Is agile based on defined processes or empirical processes?

A

Empirical - We are using our learned KNOWLEDGE WORK to define future precision

54
Q

What is the most important component to measure in a Predictive life cycle?

A

Cost - because the product is not valuable until it is DONE

55
Q

Who conducts the sprint review?

A

The sprint team (not the SCRUM master, not the product owner)

56
Q

What is the difference between the product backlog and the sprint backlog?

A

The product backlog is dynamic; the sprint backlog is agreed to once the sprint is started and doesn’t change.

** The product backlog doesn’t have to be complete in order for the sprint backlog to be finalized for a specific sprint

57
Q

What is the range for a typical sprint length?

A

2-4 weeks, no longer than 1 calendar month

58
Q

Is sprint planning part of the sprint timebox duration?

A

Yes

59
Q

What does it mean when the sprint team is self-organized?

A

The development team creates their own tasks FROM A PRIORITIZED PRODUCT BACKLOG. The Scrum master is not responsible for creating all of their tasks. The Product Owner is not responsible for choosing what user stories go into the sprint because they have already done the pre-work to prioritize the product backlog.

They are not MANAGED by the Scrum master.

60
Q

What happens in a Sprint Review if key stakeholders want to see adjustments?

A

Product Owner and Scrum Master can submit a change request and it will be integrated into the Product Backlog (not the Sprint Backlog)

61
Q

What is the only requirement of things presented at the Sprint Review?

A

They have to be completely done (meet the DoD)

62
Q

Why is a 10-week sprint risky? (2 reasons)

A

In an incremental cycle, you don’t have something to ship until the end of the sprint.

Team may change!

63
Q 
Who is not part of the official SCRUM team? (May be multiple correct answers)  
A. Developers
B. Product Owner
C. SCRUM Master
D. Quality Assurance/Testers
E. Users
F. Clients/External Stakeholders
A

D, E & F

64
Q

What is the standard range for the size of an Agile team?

How far apart should Agile team members be from each other?

A

3-9 members

33 ft apart, max (without any physical boundaries)

65
Q

What styles of leadership does the SCRUM master typically embody?

A

Servant Leadership - carrying food and water, helping team members follow process and get things done but not managing them directly. Helping address NEEDS to ensure the team gets OPTIMIZED team performance

Emergent Leadership - Scrum master should focus on getting out of the way and empowerment of anyone stepping up (aligns with the team being self-organized)

66
Q

What is the difference between Outsourced and Distributed Scrum teams?

A

Outsourced refers to procurement & multiple legal entities in contracting

Distributed means people are in different geographic/physical locations

67
Q

Who can override Product Owner decisions?

A

No one, not even the CEO!

If the Product Owner delegates Responsibility, they still stay Accountable. They represent the business.

68
Q

What is an example of when the Scrum master is the “shield” for the rest of the team?

A

Insulates the team from stakeholders wanting early reviews (prior to the Sprint review)

Removes other impediments that can get in the way of the Scrum methodology

69
Q

What are the individual role names of Development team members?

A

There aren’t any - all members have the same role and title. Different titles or roles shift focus to specific individuals vs focusing on the final product

70
Q

Who holds the role of a Project Manager in a Scrum team?

A

Distributed amongst the team - there is not a central PM and the Scrum master doesn’t really act as a PM, more like a methodology manager

71
Q

Brianna is planning for the next project. She’s put together the Scrum team, but it’s already looking like the workload will be too much for this team. What should Brianna do next?
A. Start the project and see how far they get
B. Change budget to get it done with the current team
C. Remove or change certain items and/or recruit new team members
D. Recruit new team members

A

C.

72
Q

What is the difference between Management and Leadership?

A

Management is focused on getting things done

Leadership is focused on getting people to want to get things done (i.e. Servant Leadership focuses on creating an environment for optimal team performance)

73
Q

What is the time estimate for a user story?

A

1-3 days or 40 hours of work

74
Q

What is the format of a potential story?

A

As a ROLE, I want this FUNCTIONALITY so that BUSINESS BENEFIT

75
Q

What is the INVEST acronym refer to (and what does each letter stand for?)

A 
Independent 
Negotiable 
Value
Estimable
Small
Testable

Refers to criteria for a user story

76
Q

In what sub-type of Agile methodology do you typically see Use-Case Modeling?

A

xP (eXtreme Programming)

77
Q

What is a main modeling value of xP?

A

Courage - making decisions and changes by discarding or refactoring (after experimentation)
Humility - realizing you don’t know everything

78
Q

What is low-fidelity prototyping?

A

Synonymous with wireframing. Less in-depth than screen design.

79
Q

What is an RFP?

What principle of the Agile Manifesto, does an RFP challenge?

A

A document from the Buyer to the Seller

Preferring collaboration over contracting (Scope changes just need to be addressed in contracting)

80
Q

What is fixed in DSDM Contracting?

A

Schedule, Cost, and QUALITY

81
Q

What is the difference between a Graduated Fixed Price & a Fixed Price package?

A

Graduated Fixed Price = Bonus if early; penalty if late

Fixed Price = Paying for the output, regardless of the time (so long as Scope stays the same)

82
Q

What are the 3 C’s of user stories?

A

card, conversation, and confirmation.

83
Q

Charlie’s team is working on value-based decomposition. All of the following statements are true about value-based decomposition, except for which one?

Develops requirements
Groups like features
Breaks down features
Ranks requirements

A

Develops requirements

84
Q

What happens to the range of variance as you get closer to the DoD?

A

Diminishes - We can more accurately predict our time and cost towards the end

85
Q

What is a degree of uncertainty?

A

A + or - included in agile project scoping for the % variance

86
Q

What are three ways of voting on requirements?

A

Simple voting
Thumbs up, down, or sideways
Highsmith Decision Spectrum

87
Q

What is the Wideband Delphi method used for?

A

Effort estimation and software development efforts

88
Q

What does Iteration H stand for?

A

Hardening the sprint

89
Q

What is a risk-based spike good for?

A

New technology

90
Q

If a risk-based spike analysis finds a mitigation strategy, where does it go?

A

The backlog as a mitigation action

91
Q

What is the outcome/benefit of an architectural spike?

A

Knowledge in the form of a document or presentation

92
Q

What is the main purpose of creating agile estimates?

A

To create a schedule and a budget

PMP (7 decks)

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