Endocrine: Miscellaneous 11.3 - 11.4

Question 1

What is a goiter?

Answer 1

Enlarged thyroid that is visible on the neck.

Question 2

What are the two types of thyroid hormones?

Answer 2

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine).

Question 3

What do the numbers in T3 and T4 stand for?

Answer 3

The number of iodine atoms in each type of thyroid hormone.

Question 4

What is the adrenal cortex?

Answer 4

The outer portion of the adrenal gland. Secretes aldosterone and cortisol.

Question 5

What is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 5

The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 6

What is the Corpus luteum?

Answer 6

Egg follicle that has ruptured in the ovary during ovulation, this remnant remains and starts secreting progesterone.

Question 7

What are the Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)?

Answer 7

Cells that secrete testosterone found in the testes.

Question 8

What are the seminiferous tubules in the testes?

Answer 8

Cells in the testes that form tubules where sperm production occurs.

Question 9

What is the endometrium?

Answer 9

Lining of the uterus that is regulated by progesterone.
1. Progesterone present – endometrium thickens.
2. Progesterone absent – endometrium sloughs off cause menstruation.

Question 10

What are Beta cells of the pancreas?

Answer 10

Cells that make insulin.

Question 11

What are Alpha cells of the pancreas?

Answer 11

Cells that make glucagon.

Question 12

What is hyperglycemia?

Answer 12

High blood sugar

Question 13

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 13

High blood sugar

Question 14

What is the function of the liver in blood glucose?

Answer 14

Storage site where glucose molecules are linked to one another to form glycogen. And then the glycogen can be split into small glucose molecules to be sent to the cells.

Question 15

What are ketones?

Answer 15

Waste products when fats are used for making energy.

Question 16

Why are ketones present in unmanaged diabetes mellitus?

Answer 16

Fats are used since glucose cannot get into the body’s cells with lack of insulin or broken receptors that insulin binds to.

Question 17

Ketoacidosis is the presence of ketones and acids produced in severe cases of unmanaged diabetes.
What can the presence of wastes and acids cause?

Answer 17

Diabetic coma.

Question 18

What is the etiology (cause) of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 18

Autoimmune disorder where beta cells are destroyed.

Question 19

What is the etiology (cause) of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 19

It is thought that the receptors that insulin binds to are damaged from overuse. So insulin is usually normal or slightly low but it cannot bind to receptors so glucose cannot enter the cell.

Question 20

What type of diffusion allows the carrier protein to bind to insulin, then change shape to transport glucose into the cell.

Answer 20

Facilitated diffusion, which is a passive transport.

Question 21

What gland needs iodine to function properly?

Answer 21

Thyroid gland