Aortic Valve Pathology

Question 1

AI occurs during

Answer 1

diastole

Question 2

the AI jet will appear

Answer 2

blue in PLAX
red in apical 5

Question 3

what is the vena contracta

Answer 3

the width of the narrowest segment of the regurg
most accurate in PLAX

Question 4

mild vena contracta measurement for AI

Answer 4

3mm

Question 5

moderate vena contracta measurement for AI

Answer 5

3-6mm

Question 6

severe vena contracta measurement for AI

Answer 6

greater than 6mm

Question 7

AI is evaluated with

Answer 7

CW in AP5 and AP3 and appears above the baseline

Question 8

the steeper the slope for AI…

Answer 8

the more severe the AI and the shorter the PHT

Question 9

AI PHT mild

Answer 9

greater than 500 msec

Question 10

AI PHT moderate

Answer 10

350-500 msec

Question 11

severe AI PHT

Answer 11

less than 200 msec

Question 12

AV regurg pressures

Answer 12

Question 13

LVEDP

Answer 13

can be calculated from the CW
the velocity represents the pressure difference between the LV and the aorta at ED by using the bernoulli equation

Question 14

normal LVEDP

Answer 14

12-15mmHg

Question 15

severe AI will cause flow reversal in the …

Answer 15

descending aorta seen in suprasternal notch

Question 16

normal AV area

Answer 16

2-4 cm squared

Question 17

severe AS

Answer 17

1. the more severe the more pressure will be exerted and the higher the pressure gradient across the valve
2. more time it takes for maximum pressure to be reached

Question 18

mild AS

Answer 18

early peaking of AV pressure

Question 19

AS flow

Answer 19

high velocity and peaks later in systole

Question 20

AS max pressure gradient mild

Answer 20

27-34 mmHg

Question 21

AS max pressure gradient moderate

Answer 21

36-64 mmHg

Question 22

AS MAX pressure gradient SEVERE

Answer 22

greater than 64 mmHg

Question 23

Severe AS velocity

Answer 23

> 4.0 m/s

Question 24

AVA area by continuity equation

Answer 24

1. LVOT diamteter
2. LVOT VTI AP5, AP3 pw
3. AV VTI SP5 of AP3

Question 25

normal AVA by continuity

Answer 25

greater than 2.0 cm squared

Question 26

times where the pressure gradient measured by continuity will be inaccurate

Answer 26

Question 27

the most common primary valve disease

Answer 27

aortic stenosis

Question 28

normal aortic cusp seperation

Answer 28

1.5 - 2.6

Question 29

bernoullis equation

Answer 29

4(v)squared

Question 30

peak velocity for severe AS

Answer 30

> 4.0 m/s

Question 31

austin flint murmur

Answer 31

rumble at the apex due to severe AI

Question 32

AI symptoms

Answer 32

chest pain
dizziness
exertional dyspnea
syncope due to decreased cardiac output

Question 33

Severe AI can cause AMVL

Answer 33

flutter!!

Question 34

AS causes an increase in the

Answer 34

afterload causing the LV to work harder

Question 35

AVA continuity equation

Answer 35

LVOT VTI x LVOT CSA/ AV VTI

Question 36

bernoulis equation

Answer 36

4v2

Question 37

mild AS velocity

Answer 37

2.6 - 2.9

Question 38

mild AVA for AS

Answer 38

> 1.5

Question 39

severe AVA

Answer 39

<1.0

Question 40

mild mean PG for AS

Answer 40

<20

Question 41

Severe mean PG for AS

Answer 41

> 40

Question 42

calculating AS velocity ratio

Answer 42

velocity lvot/ velocity AOV

Question 43

AS CWD curve for mild obtruction

Answer 43

early systolic peak

Question 44

AS cwd curve for severe obstruction

Answer 44

peak velocity later in systole
curvature in shape

Question 45

AS cwd curve for dynamic sub aortic lvot obstruction

Answer 45

late peaking systolic jet

Question 46

severe AR pht

Answer 46

<200

Question 47

mild AR pht

Answer 47

> 500

Question 48

Lvedp equation w/ AI

Answer 48

Diastolic bp- ai gradient at end diastole