Organic acids

Question 1

Chiral molecules

Answer 1

A molecule that is not superimposable with its mirror image

Question 2

Chiral center

Answer 2

An atom especially in an organic molecule that has four different atoms or groups attached to it.

Question 3

Enantiomer

Answer 3

Enantiomers are organic molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images
Have identical physical properties

Question 4

Diastereomers

Answer 4

A type stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another. They are also non-superimposable due to the different spatial arrangement
( ex. Glucose and galactose)
Have different physical properties

Question 5

Carboxylic acids

Answer 5

Characterized by the carboxyl group ( carbonyl group+ hydroxyl group)
Carbon is hybridized sp2
IUPAC: alkane prefix+ oic acid
Derive from the oxidation of the corresponding aldehyde
Strongly polar
Can hydrogen bond ( soluble in water)

Question 6

Acidity of carboxylic acid

Answer 6

Carboxylic acids are weak acids

They react with bases to form salts

Question 7

Anhydrides

Answer 7

Two molecules of acid can undergo condensation and lose a water (dehydrating conditions) to form an anhydride

Question 8

Acyl chlorides

Answer 8

Replacement of the hydroxyl group with chlorine yields an acid chloride or acyl chloride
( R-CO group= acyl group)

Question 9

Alpha hydroxy acid

Answer 9

a class of chemical compounds that consist of a carboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group substituent on the adjacent (alpha) carbon
 glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, and citric acid.

Question 10

Dicarboxylic acid

Answer 10

Organic molecules containing two -COOH groups

• Oxalic acid: two -COOH bonded together (ethanedioic acid)
• Malonic acid: one methylene (CH2) bridge (propanedioic)
• Succinic acid: two methylenes (butanedioic)
• Glutaric acid: three (pentanedioic)
• Adipic acid: four (hexanedioic)
• Pimelic acid: five (heptanedioic)

Question 11

α-ketoacids

Answer 11

Carboxylic acids that have a keto group directly attached to the COOH
Have properties of both ketones and acids
ex.
α-ketopropionic acid (pyruvate)
α-ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate)

Question 12

Keto and hydroxyacids

Answer 12

The ketone group can be selectively reduced to hydroxyl, and vice versa the hydroxyl can be oxidized to a ketone

Question 13

Thioesters

Answer 13

Products of condensation between an acid and a thiol ( sulfur containing alchool)