Ch 10 Fetal development and genetics

Question 1

Pre-embryonic stage

Answer 1

Fertilization through the second week

Question 2

Fertilization

Answer 2

Union of ovum and sperm

Question 3

Zygote

Answer 3

The cell produced by the union of two gametes; the fertilized ovum

Question 4

Zona pellucida

Answer 4

The inner, solid, thick, membranous envelope of the ovum. Clear protein layer surrounding the ova

Question 5

Morula

Answer 5

After a series of four cleavages, the 16 cells appear as a solid ball of cells. A solid mass of cells, resembling a mulberry, resulting from cleavage of an ovum

Question 6

Blastocyte

Answer 6

The stage that follows the morula. It consists of an outer layer the tropho blast, and an inner cell mass the Blastocoeal. At this stage the implementation of the endometrium occurs

Question 7

Trophoblast

Answer 7

The outer most layer of the developing blastocyte

Question 8

Implantation

Answer 8

The process of attachment and placental formation

Question 9

Ectoderm

Answer 9

Forms the central nervous system, special senses, skin, and glands

Question 10

Mesoderm

Answer 10

Forms the skeletal, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive organs

Question 11

Endoderm

Answer 11

Forms the respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and digestive system

Question 12

Embryonic stage

Answer 12

Begins at day 15 and continues through week eight. Basic structures of all major body organs and the main external features are completed during this time period, including internal organs

Question 13

Umbilical cord

Answer 13

Contains one large vein and two small arteries

Question 14

Placenta

Answer 14

Protects the fetus from immune attack by the mother, removes waste products from the fetus, and this is the mother to bring more food to the placenta, and near the time of delivery, produces hormones that ready fetal organs for life outside the uterus allows the developing fetus to rely on the maternal circulation to fulfill its bio genetic needs while growing undisturbed in the protected environment of the uterus

Question 15

hCH

Answer 15

Preserves the corpus luteum and its progesterone production so that the endometrium lining of the uterus is maintained; this is the basis for pregnancy test

Question 16

Human placental lactogen (hPI)

Answer 16

Modulate fetal and maternal metabolism, participates in the development of maternal breast for lactation, and decreases maternal glucose utilization, which increases glucose availability to the fetus

Question 17

Estrogen

Answer 17

Causes enlargement of a woman’s breast, uterus, and external genitalia; stimulates myometrial contractility

Question 18

Progesterone

Answer 18

Maintains the endometrium, decreases the contractility of the uterus, stimulates maternal metabolism and breast development, provides nourishment for the early conceptus (The products of conception after fertilization in the early stages of growth and differentiation)

Question 19

Relaxin

Answer 19

Act synergistically with progesterone to maintain pregnancy, causes relaxation of the pelvic ligaments, and softens the cervix in preparation for birth

Question 20

Teratogens 

Answer 20

Any substance, organism, physical agent, or deficiency state present during gestation that is capable of inducing abnormal postnatal structure or function by interfering with normal embryonic and fetal development

Question 21

Fetal stage

Answer 21

The end of the eighth week through birth

Question 22

Genetics

Answer 22

Study of individual genes and their role in inheritance

Question 23

Genomics

Answer 23

Study of all genes and include includes, interactions among genes, as well as interactions between genes and the environment

Question 24

Genome

Answer 24

Genetic blueprint

Question 25

Genotype

Answer 25

Gene pairs inherited from parents; the specific genetic make up

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

Observed outward characteristics of an individual

Question 27

Gene

Answer 27

Specific set of instructions for making proteins needed by body cells for proper functioning

Question 28

Karyotype

Answer 28

The Pictorial analysis of the number, form, and size of an individual chromosomes

Question 29

Mutation

Answer 29

Permanent change in a DNA sequence that changes the function of the gene

Question 30

Polyploidy

Answer 30

Causes an increase in the number of haploid sets of chromosomes in a cell

Question 31

Monosomies

Answer 31

There is only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the usual pair, an entire single chromosome is missing

Question 32

Trisomies

Answer 32

There are three of a particular chromosome instead of the usual two; an entire single chroma zone is added

Question 33

Genetic counseling

Answer 33

The process by which clients or relatives of risk for an inherited disorder are advised of the consequences of nature of the disorder, the probability of developing, or transferring it and the options open to them in the management in family planning and ordered for vent avoid army out right at