L1+2 - Adverbials Flashcards

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1
Q

ADVERBIALS OF COMMENT

expressing opinion

A
clearly
certainly
apparently
obviously
actually
basically
(naturally)
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2
Q

ADVERBIALS OF DEGREE
how much
(enhancing/reinforcing & diminishing meaning)

A
very, quite
absolutely ~= utterly
almost
entirely
somewhat
enormously
extremly ~= utterly
extraordinarily
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3
Q

ADVERBIALS OF MANNER
how
(describing the way/manner of sth)

A
slowly
on foot; by ear
properly
incorrectly
abruptly
fluently
involuntarily
naturally
(eventually)
amazingly
strangely
clearly
fairly
presumably       = reasonably assumed
contentious       = likely to cause disagreement or argument
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4
Q

ADVERBIALS OF TIME (≠ frequency)

when

A
first
now
overnight
in the eighties
in the beginning
in the end, eventually
within minutes
beforehand
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5
Q

ADVERBIALS OF FREQUENCY (≠ time)

how often

A
never
hardly ever
rarely
occasionally
repeatedly
regularly
frequently
constantly
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6
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

  • manner, place, time
A

usually go AT THE END (after verb and object)
“I eat pizza quickly.”

exeptions:
adv of manner can go in the front position
to make an emphasis in written texts
“Hesitantly, she carefully unwrapped the parcel”
(adv of place/time only go at the beginning
to focus on where/when while making a contrast)

order: 1. manner 2. place 3. time
exeption:
adv of PLACE is necessary to complete
the meaning of the verb: “I came here on foot.”

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7
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

  • frequency
A
  • Phrases have an END POSITION
    “I eat pizza every day.”
    • ONE WORD -adv of freq often have a MIDDLE position
      “We have a test every couple of weeks.”
      or elsewise an END position too:
      “I go there regularly.”
    • AFTER MODAL/AUXILIARY and BEFORE MAIN verb
      “I should never eat pizza before bed.”
      “I do not always eat pizza.”

exeptions:
only go at the beginning to emphasize
how often sth happens while making a contrast

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8
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

- certainty
negative form

A

Many adv of certainty have a MIDDLE position, they
usually go AFTER AUXILIARY verbs
“I will probably eat pizza tonight”

Negative: adv go BEFORE CONTRACTED auxiliary verbs,
elsewise in the MIDDLE
“I definitely won’t eat pizza tonight.”
“I will definitely not eat pizza tonight.”
“I definitely will not eat pizza tonight.”

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9
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

  • comment, linking
A

Comment and linking adverbs CAN go

AT THE BEGINNING ⇒ use a comma!

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10
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

What does one find very rarely in the MIDDLE position?

Which adverbs can only go in the MIDDLE position?

A

very rarely :
adverbial PHRASES

can only go in the middle position:
  many adverbs of FREQUENCY:
      - never, always, ever
  certain TIME adverbs:
      - just, still
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11
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

Which adverbs usually go in the END position?

A

usually in the end position:
adverbials of MANNER, PLACE, TIME
adverbial PHRASES of FREQUENCY
(some single-word adverbs of frequency)

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12
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

Which adverbs usually go in the FRONT position?

In which exeptional case do we find adverbials of time, place, frequency in the front position?

!

A

usually in the front position:
COMMENT and LINKING adverbs ++! plus comma !++

adverbials of time, place, frequency in the front position
are used to set the scene or change the focus

You mustn’t use “probably” at the beginning of a sentence!

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13
Q

POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS

  • degree
A

Adverbials of degree go DIRECTLY BEFORE the words they modify.

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14
Q

VOCABULARY:

dedication
limit vs. limitation
necessity (adjective & verb form)
capability vs. capacity
competence
reluctance 
interference
literacy
exposure vs. exposition
acquisition vs. acquaintance
insight
prestige
A

dedication = focus on realising a goal; perspnal tribute to sb

limit              = maximum
limitation      = restraint, a restricting force/influence

verb: necessitate; adjective: necessary

capability = state of being capable (ability); potentiality
capacity = maximum amount that can be contained;
an individual’s mental or physical ability (skill)
competence = state of having sufficient knowledge,
judgment, skill, or strength

being reluctant = feeling or showing aversion, hesitation,
or unwillingness

to interfere = to act reciprocally so as to
augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another;
to enter into or take a part in the concerns of others
- first language interference

being literate = able to read and write; (educated, cultured)

exposure                   = condition of being exposed: 
exposition                 = discourse designed to convey information
acquisition                 = act of acquiring (gaining) sth
acquaintance             = familiarity

insight = power to see what’s not evident to the average mind
(discernment - ability to grasp, comprehend the obscure
perception - implies quick or sympathetic discernment)

prestige = reputation/standing or importance/weight
in general opinion
- the prestige of knowing a second language

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