Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy -Psychodynamic Approaches

A

Founder: Sigmund Freud. A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality.

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2
Q

Adlerian therapy -Psychodynamic Approaches

A

Founder: Alfred Adler. Key Figure: Following Adler, Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.

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3
Q

Existential therapy - Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies

A

Key figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom. Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship.

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4
Q

Person-centered therapy - Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies

A

Founder: Carl Rogers; Key figure: Natalie Rogers. This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns.

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5
Q

Gestalt therapy - Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies

A

Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls; Key figures: Miriam and Erving Polster. An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy. It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship.

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6
Q

Behavior therapy - Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

A

Key figures: B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems. Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement. The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity.

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7
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy - Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

A

Founders: Albert Ellis and A. T. Beck. Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy, and A. T. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior. Judith Beck continues to develop CBT; Christine Padesky has developed strengths-based CBT; and Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop cognitive behavior therapy, has made significant contributions to resilience as a factor in coping with trauma.

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8
Q

Choice theory/Reality therapy - Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

A

Founder: William Glasser. Key figure: Robert Wubbolding. This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present. Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.

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9
Q

Feminist therapy - Systems and Postmodern Approaches

A

This approach grew out of the efforts of many women, a few of whom are Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Oliva Espin, and Laura Brown. A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women. Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women’s identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being.

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10
Q

Postmodern approaches - Systems and Postmodern Approaches

A

A number of key figures are associated with the development of these various approaches to therapy. Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg are the cofounders of solution-focused brief therapy. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy. Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather, it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.

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11
Q

Family systems therapy - Systems and Postmodern Approaches

A

A number of significant figures have been pioneers of the family systems approach, two of whom include Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir. This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family.

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12
Q

Mandatory ethics

A

The view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice.

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13
Q

aspirational ethics

A

A higher level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interests of clients.

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14
Q

Positive ethics

A

An approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.

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15
Q

Informed consent

A

The right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it.

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16
Q

Confidentiality

A

This is an ethical concept, and in most states therapists also have a legal duty not to disclose information about a client.

17
Q

Privileged communication

A

A legal concept that generally bars the disclosure of confidential communications in a legal proceeding. Clients are protected from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission

18
Q

Assessment

A

Evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process.

19
Q

Diagnosis

A

The analysis and explanation of a client’s problems. It may include an explanation of the causes of the client’s difficulties, an account of how these problems developed over time, a classification of any disorders, a specification of preferred treatment procedure, and an estimate of the chances for a successful resolution.

20
Q

evidence-based practice (EBP)

A

Psychotherapists are required to base their practice on techniques that have empirical evidence to support their efficacy.

  1. looking for the best available research
  2. relying on clinical expertise
  3. taking into consideration the client’s characteristics, culture, and preferences
21
Q

Dual or multiple relationships

A

A counselor assumes two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client. This may involve assuming more than one professional role or combining professional and nonprofessional roles.

22
Q

nonprofessional interactions

A

Additional relationships with clients other than sexual ones.

23
Q

boundary crossing

A

A departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client (e.g., attending a client’s wedding).

24
Q

boundary violation

A

A boundary crossing that takes the practitioner out of the professional role, which generally involves exploitation. It is a serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical.

25
Q

Assessment

A

consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a clients life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process

26
Q

Diagnosis

A

which is sometimes part of the assessment process consists of identifying a specific mental disorders based on a pattern symptoms

27
Q

Further Breakdown

A

Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud - dream analysis and free association.

Adlerian - Alfred Adler - push-button technique and encouragement.

Existential - Viktor Frankl - person to person relationship, not really technique oriented, but therapists adapt their interventions to their own personality and style, as well as being sensitive to what each client requires

Person-centred - Carl Rogers - humanistic approach, congruence

Gestalt - Fritz Perls - Empty chair, dream work

Cognitive behavioural - Aaron Beck/Albert Ellis - ABC model, goal setting

Reality - William Glasser - WDEP model, avoid focusing on symptoms

Feminist - Ellyn Kaschak - gender role intervention, empowerment

Post modern - Steve De Shazer - pre therapy change, miracle questions

Family Systems - Murray Bowen - genograms

Integrative - draws on techniques from many approaches, common factors