Biology and Biochemistry

Question 1

SPECEATION

1. sympatric
2. allopatric
3. Bottleneck

Answer 1

1. not physically separated from other strands, but only breed with each other
2. 2 pops physically isolated, diverge into 2 species
3. dimuntion and skewing of gene pool of small representation of peeps from large population

Question 2

SEPERATION TECHNIQUES

1. electrophoresis
2. isoelectric focusing

Answer 2

1. SDS page: breaks sulfure interactions, uniform size to charge ratio (size determines motion)
2. no sds, charges on protein surface

Question 3

Gallbladder function

Answer 3

storage and secretion of bile salts (absorbing fats)

Question 4

b-oxidation:how many carbons lost each time

Answer 4

2

Question 5

1. Ketogenic Acids

2. Glucogenic Acids

Answer 5

1. Can be converted into acetyl-CoA.
2. Can be converted into a CAC/Krebs intermediate or pyruvate.
   Note: Every amino acid other than lysine and leucine is glucogenic.

Question 6

1. Ribonuclease
2. Reverse Transcriptase
3. DNA Polymerase
4. RNA Polymerase (Replicase)

Answer 6

1. Ability for an enzyme to degrade molecules of ribonucleic acid (RNA) into smaller components.
2. Reverse transcriptase has the ability to transcribe RNA to DNA..
3. DNA polymerase has the ability to synthesize DNA from a DNA
   template.
4. RNA polymerase has the ability to synthesize RNA from an RNA
   template.

Question 7

Periplasmic Space

Answer 7

Space between cell wall and cell membrane.

Question 8

Types of Proteins:

1. Flippase
2. Chaperone
3. Receptor
4. Motor

Answer 8

1. Transport protein that can transport lipids from one leaflet of the membrane to another through an ATP-dependent mechanism.
2. Proteins specialized for assisting in protein folding.
3. Lead to the alteration of intracellular signaling rather than the
   direct passage of ions through the membrane.
4. Motor proteins are generally associated with moving along the
   cytoplasm of cells, converting ATP into useful work.

Question 9

1. Plasma Cells
2. Dendritic Cells
3. Cytotoxic T cells
4. Neutrophils

Answer 9

1. Leukocytes that produce antibodies against a particular antigen after exposure to that antigen.
2. Antigen presenting cells that are part of the innate immune response.
3. Lymphocytes that do not produce antibodies.
4. Cells of the innate immune system that primarily play
   a role in bacterial infections.

Question 10

snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) function

Answer 10

Involved in intron splicing

Question 11

1. Helper (Cytotoxic) T cells

2. Regulatory T cells

Answer 11

1. Increase the immune response through cytokines.

2. Inhibits the immune response.

Question 12

Carnitine shuttle

Answer 12

Aid in Fatty acid transport into mitochondrial membrane to undergone beta oxidation

Question 13

Sarcomere Zones and Bands:

1. Z line
2. H zone
3. I band
4. A band

Answer 13

1. Length of sarcomere
2. Only thick filaments
3. Only thin filaments
4. Whole thick filament

Question 14

Common Enzymes:

1

Question 15

Sensory Cells of the Dermis:

1. Merkel
2. Meissner
3. Ruffini
4. Pacinian

Answer 15

1. Deep pressure and texture
2. Light touch
3. Stretch
4. Deep pressure and vibration