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Biomechanics And Kinesiology > Biomechanics And Kinesiology - Glossary > Flashcards

Biomechanics And Kinesiology - Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Acceleration

A
  • change in velocity of a body over time, expressed in linear and angular terms
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2
Q

Accessory movements

A
  • slight, passive, nonvolitional movements allowed in most joints
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3
Q

Active force

A
  • push or pull generated by stimulated muscle
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4
Q

Active movement

A
  • motion caused by stimulated muscle
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5
Q

Agonist muscle

A
  • muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement
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6
Q

Anatomic position

A
  • the generally agreed on the reference position of the body used to describe the location and movements of its parts
  • person is standing fully upright, looking forward, arms resting by the side and the palms facing forwards
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7
Q

Angle-of-insertion

A
  • angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts
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8
Q

Antagonist muscle

A
  • muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle
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9
Q

Arthrokinematics

A
  • motions of roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints
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10
Q

Axial rotation

A
  • angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
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11
Q

Axis of rotation

A
  • an imaginary lone extending through a joint around which rotation occurs
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12
Q

Bending

A
  • effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles to its long axis
  • bent tissue is compressed on its concave side and placed under tension on its convex side
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13
Q

Center of mass

A
  • point at the exact center of an object’s mass
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14
Q

Close-packed position

A
  • unique postion of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut
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15
Q

Compliance

A
  • the inverse of stiffness
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16
Q

Compression

A
  • a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly against another
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17
Q

Concentric activation

A
  • activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force
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18
Q

Creep

A
  • a progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time
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19
Q

Degrees of freedom

A
  • number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint
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20
Q

Displacement

A
  • change in the linear or angular position of an object
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21
Q

Distal-on-proximal segment kinematics

A
  • type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment
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22
Q

Distraction

A
  • a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another
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23
Q

Eccentric activation

A
  • activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force
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24
Q

Elasticity

A
  • property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force
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25
Q

External force

A
  • push or pull produced by sources located outside the body
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26
Q

External moment arm

A
  • perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force
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27
Q

External torque

A
  • product of an external force and its external moment arm
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28
Q

Force

A
  • a push or pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion
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29
Q

Force-couple

A
  • two or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction
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30
Q

Force of gravity

A
  • potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity
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31
Q

Friction

A
  • resistance to movement between two contacting surfaces
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32
Q

Internal force

A
  • push or pull produces by a structure located within the body
33
Q

Internal moment arm

A
  • perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the internal force
34
Q

Internal torque

A
  • product of an internal force and its internal moment arm
35
Q

Isometric activation

A
  • activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force
36
Q

Joint reaction force

A
  • force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of internal and external forces
37
Q

Kinematics

A
  • branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce motion
38
Q

Kinematic chain

A
  • series of articulated segmented links
39
Q

Kinetics

A
  • branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces and torques on the body
40
Q

Leverage

A
  • relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force
41
Q

Line of force

A
  • direction and orientation of a muscle’s force
42
Q

Line of gravity

A
  • direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on a body
43
Q

Load

A
  • the application of a force to a body
44
Q

Longitudinal body

A
  • axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment
45
Q

Loose-packed position

A
  • positions of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent
46
Q

Mass

A
  • quantity of matter in an object
47
Q

Mechanical advantage

A
  • ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm
48
Q

Moment arm

A
  • perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force
49
Q

Muscle action

A
  • potential of a muscle to produce a torque within a particular plane of motion and rotation direction
  • flexion, extension, pronation and supination
50
Q

Osteokinematics

A
  • motion of bones relative to the three cardinal, or principle, planes
51
Q

Passive force

A
  • push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle
52
Q

Passive movement

A
  • motion produced by a source other than activated muscle
53
Q

Plasticity

A
  • property of a material demonstrated by remaining permanently deformed after the removal of a force
54
Q

Pressure

A
  • force divided by a surface area
55
Q

Productive antagonism

A
  • low-level tension within stretched connective tissue performs a useful function
56
Q

Proximal-on-distal segment kinematics

A
  • type of movement in which the proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment
57
Q

Roll

A
  • when multiple points on one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
58
Q

Rotation

A
  • angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation
59
Q

Scalar

A
  • quantity that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction
60
Q

Segment

A
  • any part of a body or limb
61
Q

Shear

A
  • a force produced as two compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions
62
Q

Shock absorption

A
  • the act of dissipating a force
63
Q

Slide

A
  • when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
64
Q

Spin

A
  • when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
65
Q

Static linear equilibrium

A
  • state of a body at rest in which the sum of all forces is equal to zero
66
Q

Static rotary equilibrium

A
  • state of a body at rest in which the sum of all torques is equal to zero
67
Q

Stiffness

A
  • ratio of stress to strain within an elastic material
68
Q

Strain

A
  • ratio of a tissue’s deformed length to its original length
69
Q

Stress

A
  • force generated as a tissue resists deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area
70
Q

Synergists

A
  • two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement
71
Q

Tension

A
  • application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separates a material
72
Q

Torque

A
  • a force multiplied by its moment arm
73
Q

Torsion

A
  • application of a force that twists a material around its longitudinal axis
74
Q

Translation

A
  • linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other point in the body
75
Q

Vector

A
  • quantity that is completely specified by its magnitude and direction
76
Q

Velocity

A
  • change in position of a body over time
77
Q

Viscoelasticity

A
  • property of a material expressed by a changing stress-strain relationship over time
78
Q

Weight

A
  • gravitational force acting on mass

Biomechanics And Kinesiology (12 decks)

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