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Musculoskeletal > Ortho - Fractures > Flashcards

Ortho - Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of fracture?

A 
Pain
Swelling
Crepitus
Deformity
Adjacent structural injury (nerves, vessels, ligament, tendons)
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2
Q

What investigations are useful for fractures?

A

Radiograph
CT scan
MRI scan
Bone scan (used mainly to look for infection/tumours)

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3
Q

What features are important to describe on a radiograph?

A

Location
Pieces
Pattern
Displaced/undisplaced

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4
Q

What types of displacement of fractures are possible?

A

Translation - moving in a straight line

Angulation - moving around a point

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5
Q

How is translation described?

A

x axis - medial/lateral
y axis - proximal/distal
z axis - anterior/posterior

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6
Q

How is angulation described?

A

x axis - varus/valgus
y axis - internal/external rotation
z axis - dorsal/volar

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7
Q

What are the principles of fracture management?

A

Reduce
Hold
Rehabilitate

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8
Q

What are the options for closed reduction of fracture?

A

Manipulation

Traction: skin or skeletal (pins in bones)

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9
Q

What are the options for open reduction of fracture?

A

Mini-incision

Full exposure

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10
Q

What are the options for closed holding of fracture?

A

Plaster

Traction: skin or skeletal

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11
Q

What are the internal fixation options?

A

Intramedullary: pins or nails
Extramedullary: plate/screws or pins

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12
Q

What are the external fixation options?

A

Monoplantar

Multiplanar

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13
Q

Why might external fixation be useful?

A

If there has been a lot of soft tissue damage so there is risk of infection, can be removed easily

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14
Q

What is involved in rehabilitation?

A 
Move
Physiotherapy
Use: pain relief, retrain
Strengthen
Weight bare
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15
Q

What are the general complications of fractures?

A

Can occur early or late:

  • Fat embolus
  • DVT
  • Infection
  • Prolonged immobility - UTI, chest infection, sores
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16
Q

What are the specific complications of fractures?

A 
Neurovascular injury
Muscle/tendon injury
Non union/mal union
Local infection
Degenerative change (intraarticular)
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Musculoskeletal (12 decks)

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