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Biology unit 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Examples of autotrophs

A

Plants, algae and some bacteria.

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1
Q

Autotrophs

A

Are ale to make their own organic material from simple inorganic substances typically using the energy of sunlight.

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2
Q

What is food for heterotrophs

A

Any organic matter that it can obtain, break down and use ad a source of energy and organic matter.

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3
Q

Definition of heterotrophs

A

An organism that cannot make its own food and must ingest or absorb organic material from its environment

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4
Q

Examples of heterotrophs

A

All animals, all fungi and some bacteria

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5
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Is the process of converting the energy of sunlight to a chemical energy in sugars

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6
Q

What are the products and raw materials of photosynthesis

A

Products: glucose and oxygen gas
Materials: water and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the chloroplasts

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8
Q

Purpose of digestion

A

To break down food into simple water soluble molecules that are small enough to be moved across the plasma membrane of cells

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9
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing or muscle movement in the stomach

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10
Q

Advantage of mechanical digestion

A

This increases the surface area of the food, to speed up the rate at which the enzymes can work in chemical digestion

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11
Q

Example of mechanical digestion

A

A piece of meat is still meat, only in small pieces.

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12
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes break complex molecules into their simplest forms, the molecules are chemical changed.

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13
Q

Process of chemical/ what happens to the meat

A

The meat is no longer meat, it has been broken down into glucose, amino acids, triglycerides and fatty acids,

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14
Q

Phases of digestion

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

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15
Q

Ingestion

A

Taken in mouth
Mechanical: teeth
Chemical: amylase (saliva) break down starch
- taking nutrients in

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16
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones by mechanical and chemical processes

  • tongue pushes food into the oesophagus
  • the epiglottis (small flap of tissue) closes off the teacher, preventing food from entering the respiratory tract
  • muscular contractions (peristalsis) push food down into the stomach
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17
Q

Abosorption

A

Most absorbed through small intestines

Taking up digested molecules into cells of the digestive tract

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18
Q

Egestion

A

Removal f wastes from body, left with what we cannot divest. Go straight through body without entering bloodstream.
Eg. Fibre cannot digest but are useful to digestive system

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19
Q

Mouth cavity

A
  • entry for food- ingestion
  • in upper and lower jaws, teeth go grasp, tear or chew food.
  • tongue may help to catch or manipulate food
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20
Q

Salivary gland

A

Secretes saliva:

  • lubricates food
  • commences digestion of starch
21
Q

Oesophagus

A
  • tube that transports food from mouth to stomach by peristalsis
22
Q

Stomach

A
  • large pouch for food storage after a meal
  • some mechanical digestion takes place (muscles in the stomach wall relax and contract)
  • cells lining the stomach wall secrete gastric juices (HCL and enzymes)
  • digestion of protein begins
  • ## multichannel in some herbivores and contains bacteria able to digest cellulose
23
Q

What things in the stomach control the movement of food

A

Circular muscles known as sphincters, located at either end of the stomach

24
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores excess bile

25
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in body

- produces bile, yellow greenish fluid containing bilesalts and secreted onto small intestine

26
Q

What does HCL in the stomach help with

A

HCL acid helps protease form PEPSIN, an enzyme which begins to breakdown protein into peptides

27
Q

Wha does GATEIC LIPASE DO?

A

Helps to break down the lipids found in milk into fatty acids and glycerol

28
Q

Pancreas e

A
  • large digestive gland connected to small intestine by a duct
  • secretes pancreatic juice that contains many enzymes
29
Q

Small intestines

A

Long slender coiled tub

  • responsible for digestion of food
  • receives many enzymes from the pancreas
  • receives bile from the liver and gall bladder
30
Q

Duodenum

A

First loop of the small intestine
- most digestion takes place here
-

31
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

(Which separates the stomach from the small intestine) contracts and rekaxes letting small quantities of partially digested food called chyme into the small intestine

32
Q

What bile do

A

Bile emulsifies fats (breaks fatty masses into smaller fatty mases)
- this increases the total surface area of the fats allowing the enzyme lipase to chemical break them down

33
Q

Is bile an enzyme?

A

Bile is not an enzyme, therefore bold is a form of mechanical digestion. It is an emulsifier, which separates lipids into droplets that make the, more accessible to other enzymes

34
Q

Pancreatic juices containing enzyme complete the breaking down of…

A
  • carbohydrates into glucose (Maltase)
  • proteins into amino acids (peptidases)
  • lipids into fatty acids and glycerol (lipase)
35
Q

Ileum

A

Most of the absorption of nutrients from food occurs here

36
Q

What is the inside of small intestines covered with

A

Numerous finger like projections called villi

37
Q

What does villi do

A

Increase the surface area of the small intestine for more efficient absorption of the digestion food into the bloodstream.

38
Q

EGESTION: LARGE INTESTIN

A

Comprises of colon and rectu

39
Q

Colon

A

Salts are actively absorbed and water follows passively through osmosis

40
Q

Rectum

A

Stores farces until expelled from the body

41
Q

Caecum

A

Absorbs water and salts from undirected food. It has a muscular wall to speed up adsorption

42
Q

Foregut fermenters

A

Have vastly expanded sections of the digestive system, particularly the stomach

43
Q

How do animals make cellulose useful

A

These herbivores make significant use of bacteria to ferment the grasses they eat. The broken down products from the bacteria are absorbed by the gut, and energy from the cellulose becomes available for us by the herbivore

44
Q

Why is digestion of nectar not required

A

The nectar requires no digestion and provides immediate sugr and start got the honey possum. Short digestive systems are typical in mammals that live on plant juices, nectar and pollen

45
Q

foregut digestive system features

A

Foregut fermenter

  • FOUR CHAMBERED HEART
  • LARGE RUMEN
  • SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES ARE LONG
46
Q

Hindgut fermenter features

A

Small stomach, large caecum

47
Q

Carnivores digestive system features

A

Protein is much easier to digest than cellulose, hence, csrnivores can digest their protein diets relatively easy compared to herbivores, they have shorter digestive system and a very reduced/small caecum,

48
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Also called the gastro intestinal tract,
- a muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus
Includes, mouth, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and large intestines.
- muscular contractions of the wall move food along the tract

49
Q

Alimentary canals in herbivores and carnivores

A

Carnivores have relatively short alimentary canals than herbivores

Biology unit 1 (10 decks)

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