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1 STEP UW GI > UW table > Flashcards

UW table Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrin. Source?

A

G cells (antrum of stomach, duodenum)

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2
Q

Gastrin. Action? 3

A

incr. gastric H+ secretion
incr. growth of gastric mucosa
incr. gastric motility

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3
Q

Gastrin. Regulation?

A

incr. by stomach distention/ alkalinization, amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation via gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)
decr. by pH < 1.5

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4
Q

Gastrin. Increased in what 3 conditions?

A

incr. by chronic PPI use
incr. in chronic atrophic gastritis
(eg, H pylori)
incr. (2 arrows) in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)

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5
Q

Somatostatin. Source?

A

D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

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6
Q

Somatostatin. Action? 4

A

decr. gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion

decr. pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion

decr. gallbladder contraction

decr. insulin and glucagon release

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7
Q

Somatostatin. Regulation? 2

A

incr. by acid 

decr. by vagal stimulation

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8
Q

Somatostatin inhibits what?

A

Inhibits secretion of various hormones (encourages somato-stasis)
Octreotide is an analog used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, and variceal bleeding

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9
Q

CCK. Source?

A

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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10
Q

CCK. Action? 4

A 
Incr. pancreatic secretion
incr. gallbladder contraction
decr. gastric emptying  
incr. sphincter of Oddi
relaxation
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11
Q

CCK. regulation?

A

incr. by fatty acids, amino acids

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12
Q

CCK. where acts to cause pancreatic secretion?

A

Acts on neural muscarinic pathways to cause pancreatic secretion

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13
Q

Secretin. Source?

A

S cells (duodenum)

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14
Q

Secretin. Action?

A

incr. pancreatic HCO3– secretion

decr. gastric acid secretion  incr. bile secretion

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15
Q

Secretin. Regulation?

A

incr. by acid, fatty acids in lumen of duodenum

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16
Q

Secretin. What does HCO3?

A

incr. HCO3– neutralizes gastric acid in duodenum, allowing pancreatic enzymes to function

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17
Q

Glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide. Source?

A

K cells (duodenum, jejunum)

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18
Q

Glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide. Action?

A

Exocrine:
decr .gastric H+ secretion
Endocrine:
incr. insulin release

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19
Q

Glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide. Regulation?

A

incr. by fatty acids, amino acids, oral glucose

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20
Q

Glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide. oral glucose vs iv glucose?

A

Also called gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Oral glucose load incr. insulin compared to IV equivalent due to GIP secretion

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21
Q

Motilin. Source?

A

Small intestine

22
Q

Motilin. Action?

A

Produces migrating motor complexes (MMCs)

23
Q

Motilin. Regulation?

A

incr. in fasting state

24
Q

Motilin. motilin receptor agonists are used for?

A

Motilin receptor agonists (eg, erythromycin) are used to stimulate intestinal peristalsis.

25
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Source?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, small intestine.

26
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Action?

A

incr. intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

incr. relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

27
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Regulation?

A

incr. by distention and vagal
stimulation
decr. by adrenergic input

28
Q

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). What pathological finding produce it?

A

VIPoma—non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP; associated with Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome)

29
Q

Nitric oxide. Source - not specified.

A

.

30
Q

Nitric oxide. Action?

A

incr. smooth muscle relaxation, including lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

31
Q

Nitric oxide. regulation - not specified.

A

.

32
Q

Nitric oxide. NO effect in achalasia?

A

Loss of NO secretion is implicated in incr. LES tone of achalasia.

33
Q

Ghrelin. Source?

A

Stomach

34
Q

Ghrelin. Action?

A

incr. appetite (“ghrowlin’ stomach”)

35
Q

Ghrelin. Regulation?

A

incr. in fasting state 

decr. by food

36
Q

Ghrelin. in what state increased and in what decr?

A

incr. in Prader-Willi syndrome decr. after gastric bypass surgery

37
Q

Intrinsic factor. Source?

A

Parietal cells (stomach)

38
Q

Intrinsic factor. Action?

A

Vitamin B12–binding protein (required for B12 uptake in terminal ileum).

39
Q

Intrinsic factor. regulation - not specified.

A

.

40
Q

Intrinsic factor. relation to autoimmune disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells –> chronic gastritis and pernicious anemia

41
Q

Gastric acid. Source?

A

Parietal cells (stomach)

42
Q

Gastric acid. Action?

A

decr. stomach pH

43
Q

Gastric acid. Regulation? 2

A 
incr. by histamine, vagal
stimulation
(ACh), gastrin
decr. by somatostatin,
GIP, prostaglandin, secretin
44
Q

Pepsin. Source?

A

Chief cells (stomach)

45
Q

Pepsin. Action?

A

Protein digestion

46
Q

Pepsin. Regulation?

A

incr. by vagal stimulation (ACh), local acid

47
Q

Pepsin. Made from what source?

A

Pepsinogen (inactive) is converted to pepsin (active) in the presence of H+

48
Q

Bicarbonate. Source?

A

Mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas) and Brunner glands (duodenum).

49
Q

Bicarbonate. Action?

A

Neutralizes acid

50
Q

Bicarbonate. Regulation?

A

incr. by pancreatic and biliary secretion with secretin

51
Q

Bicarbonate. where is trapped?

A

Trapped in mucus that covers the gastric epithelium

1 STEP UW GI (16 decks)

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