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Neonatalogy > Neonatal Ruminants > Flashcards

Neonatal Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it beneficial to remove calf from the dam after birth?

A

Because maternal shedding of enteric pathogens increases around the time of parturition

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2
Q

What is a critical source of concentrated energy in neonates?

A

Colostrum

— brown adipose tissue & muscular glycogen are also shortlived,stored energy

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3
Q

In the mammary gland how is IgG1 transported from blood to mammary cell?

A

In endosomes— via transcytosis

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4
Q

What are needed for the transport of IgG1 from blood-mammary gland?

A

Intracellular proteins— small GTPases (bind Fc receptors) in the presence of estrogen & progesterone

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5
Q

Whey protein at calving is primarily made up of:

A 
Immunoglobulins:
80% IgG1
10% IgG2
7% IgA
5% IgM
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6
Q

What are components of colostrum?

A

Hormones: growth hormone, relaxin, prolactin, insulin, glucagon
Essential fatty & amino acids
Mienrals
Trace elements
Vitamins: betacarotene, vitamins A, B, D, E
Cytokines
Growth factors (insulin like growth factors)
Antimicrobial factors: lactoferrin
Copper

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7
Q

What typ eof placenta do cows, sheep and goats have?

A

Epitheliochorial

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8
Q

Maternal immunoglobulins are absorbed through which process within neonates GI tract?

A

Pinocytosis

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9
Q

What is the lactocrine hypothesis?

A

The effect of bioactive factors in colostrum & milk on the development of specific tissues and/or physiologic functions in the neonate

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10
Q

IGF-1, lactoferrin & other bioactive substances are key regulators in the development of the GIT of bovine neonates through what:

A 
Stimulation of mucosal & submucosal growth
Brush border enzymes
Intestinal DNA syntehsis
INC duodenal villus size & apoptosis
Protein synthesis & degradation
Digestion
Absoprtion
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11
Q

Administration of how much colostrum ensure adequate passive transfer of immunity?

A

7.5-10% of body weight within 2 hours after birth

(Max of 7.5%)

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12
Q

What are risk factors for inadequate colostrum uptake?

A
  1. Concentraiton of immunoglobulins in colostrum fed
  2. The volume of colostrum ingested
  3. The age of the calf at first colostral feeding
  4. Bacterial load of colostrum ingested
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13
Q

At the herd level, what are qualities that affect colostrum quality

A

Breed
Parity
Climate

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14
Q

At the individual level, what are factors that affect colostrum quality in cows

A

Colostral volume

Time from calving until milking

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15
Q

Breed variability in colostrum quality in cows

A

Lowest: Holsteine
Best: jersey

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16
Q

How has parity shown to affect colostrum quality?

A

First and second calving have lower immmunoglobulin concentrations compared to cows of third or fourth parity

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17
Q

Is protein restriction recommended prior to calving?

A

No
—> because decrease in protein, may inc IgG d/t volume response, but makes the colostrum more viscous & difficult to suckle

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18
Q

Calves should be fed a minimum of what IgG concentration within 4 to 6 hours of birth to reach appropriate passive transfer?

A

150 g of IgG

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19
Q

What are factors that influence “gut closure” in calves?

A

Age it receives its first feeding

Amount of immunoglobulins received

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20
Q

When does gut closure occur in calves?

A

24 to 36 hours

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21
Q

Factors that increase risk of failure of passive transfer of immunity:

A

Dystocia
Primiparous cows
Dams udder & ventral abdomen conformation
Protein restriction in last 1/3 of gestation

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22
Q

What are best practices for colostrum management for dairy calves?

A
  • milk cows as soon as possible after calving
  • remove calves from the calving area at least twice daily
  • measure colostrum quality (Brix refractometer)
  • feed an additional 5-7.5% bwt by 12 hours of age
  • on farms with history of Johne’s disease, salmonella, mycoplasma or leukosis, pasteurize colostrum
  • avoid pooling colostrum
  • implement monitoring program for failure of passive transfer
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23
Q

How quickly does immunoglobulin g (IgG) concentration decline after calving?

A

3.7% for each hour after calving

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24
Q

What are best practice colostrum management for beef calves?

A
  • avoid severe restriction of dietary intake prior to calving
  • minimize disruption of calving cows
  • ensure that calves receive colostrum w/in 6 hours of calving (active suckling), intervene when there is dystocia or dumb calve
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25
Q

In beef calves, when needing to administer colostrum what is the best practice?

A

To restrain dam & encourage calving (active suckling) or administer colostrum by a nipple bottle

— esophageal feeder should be used only when volumes greater than 1.5 L are available or if the calf will not suck

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26
Q

Colostrum with high bacterial levels not only presents a disease risk, but also affects colostrum intake via:

A

Blocking uptake nand trasnport of immunoglobulin across intestinal epithelial cells or by biding free immunoglobulin in the gut lumen

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27
Q

How long can colostrum be refrigerated?

A

2 days prior to administration

— can add 50% potassium sorbate solution per liter of colostrum + refrigeration will inhibit bact growth for 4 days

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28
Q

Freezing or lyophilization has what effect on colostrum IgG?

A

**it does not change immunoglobulin & nutritional content

—> does decrease cellular content that can have prolonged effects on immunity

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29
Q

Do vaccines improve colostrogenesis?

A

Yes- however timing of vaccine is important - follow manufacturers directions

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30
Q

At what level of serum IgG that indicates adequate passive transfer

A

10 mg/ml (1000 mg/dL)

31
Q

At what age can refractometer be used to assess passive transfer?

A

Between 24 hours and 7 days of age

32
Q

What are factors that influence protein refractometer (falsely), in assessment of appropriate passive transfer?

A

Illness

Dehdyration

33
Q

What is measurement of adequate passive transfer on serum refractometer?

A

> 5.5 g/dL

FPT: <5 g/dL
Marginal Passive transfer: 5.0-5.5 g/dL

34
Q

A Brix refractometer can used to assess appropriate transfer on serum, what values indicate appropriate passive transfer?

A

8.3%— estimate FPT (serum IgG<1000 mg/Dl)

**sensitivity: 85.5%, specificity: 82.85%

35
Q

What dose of plasma to manage failure of passive transfer in calves?

A

20 to 40 ml/kg

36
Q

Which solution (s) is/are better for navel treatment?

A

Chlorhexidine

— wide antimicrobial activity, long duration of activity, high efficacy in presence of organic matter

37
Q

The esophageal groove is stimulated to close by:

A

Via reflex that is stimulate by intake of liquids

**milk is best, water becomes ineffective in closing the groove fairly early in life

38
Q

What is the first enzyme to start break down of milk within the abomasum?

A

Salivary lipase

39
Q

At what age does ruminal digestion start?

A

@ 3-4 weeks of age

—> earlier dry feed is provided, earlier ruminal development starts

40
Q

The basal maintenance energy requirement for neonatal calves is between:

A

45-52 kcal/kg/day

41
Q

Energy requirements for growth in a calf are:

A

268 to 307 kcal/100 g of body weight gain

42
Q

Trypsin is a digestive enzyme that helps protect against what bacterial organism and through what mechanism?

A

Trypsin proivdes protection against clostridial disease by cleaving the clostridial beta toxin

43
Q

Differentials for abnormal mentation in neonatal ruminants

A 
Meningoencephalitis
Hypoglycemia
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
Calving injury
Severe metabolic acidosis
44
Q

Differentials for abnormal posture of the head and neck in neonates:

A 
Respiratory difficult
Meningoencephalitis
Otitis media
Hypernatremia
Polioencephalomalacia
Congenital defects of CNS
Lasalocid toxicity
45
Q

On farm risk factors that contribute to the risk of disease in neonates

A 
Inappropriate stocking density
Mixed age-groups
Inadequate ventilation or shade
Wet, muddy conditions
Moldy bedding
Inadequate protection from adverse weather
Evidence of poor hygiene
Inappropriate feed on offer
Excessive fly challenge
46
Q

Normal eye ball position is controlled by what cranial nerves?

A

CN III, IV, VI and VIII

47
Q

Normal sucking behavior is controlled by which cranial nerves?

A

V, VII, IX, XII

48
Q

What cranial nerves are assessed by PLR?

A

II and III

49
Q

Gray or cyanotic mucous membranes are a signs of:

A 
Severe hypoxia
Circulatory collapse
Hypovolemic shock
Cardiovascular anomalies (right to left shunt)
Severe pulmonary disease
50
Q

Examples of congenital cardiac anomalies that cause cyanosis

A

Tetralogy or pentology of Fallot

Eisenmenger’s complex assoc with reversion of L to R shunt secondary to pulmonary hypertension

51
Q

Hyperkalemia causes what heart arrhythmia and through what mechanism?

A

Bradycardia

—>decreases the membrane potential and slows down impulse conduction by inactivating sodium (Na) channels

52
Q

What is the progression of cardiac arrythmias associated with hyperkalemia?

A

Progressive atrial standstill—> ventricular fibrillation—> asystole

53
Q

Periods of excitement precipitated by feeding or moving calves out of hutches into group pens can present as a syndrome of sudden death, caused by what cardiomyopathys

A

Selenium deficiency
Gosspol
Monensin
Lasalocid toxicity

54
Q

Chymosin (renin) is normal present where? And can help be an indicator of what?

A

Normal present in abomasal juice

** renin activity in rumen suggests abomasal reflux

55
Q

How to measure renin activity in rumen fluid?

A

Add 2 ml rumen juice to 2 ml whol milk on a california mastitis test plate
—> presence of renin— coagulation of casein in the milk

56
Q

Is chloride a useful measurement in rumen fluid, when trying to determine abomasal reflux in calves?

A

Rumen fluid chloride is higher in calves than in adults

57
Q

Causes of arthrogryposis in calves:

A

Hereditary (Hereford cattle)
Teratogenic viruses
Teratogenic plants (lupines 40-70 days gestation)

58
Q

Calcium deficiency in calves can cause

A

Reduced mineralization of bone

—> transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae become soft and bend when palpated

59
Q

Differentials for posterior paresis in neonates:

A

Border disease
Enzootic ataxia
Vertebral body abscesses
Caprine arhtritis encephalomyelitis virus
Vertebral body fractures (assoc with dietary copper def or secondary to molybdenosis)—

60
Q

What factors impact gut closure??

A

Growth factors including: IGF-1, TGF-beta2, GH

**intestinal epithelial hyperplasia

61
Q

When does the neonatal immune system start to devleop?

A

3 to 6 weeks

**consumption of maternal leukocytes in colostrum critical for development of neonatal immune system (ag presentation)

62
Q

What are specific factors in colostrum that influence long-term outcomes?

A 
IGF-1
IGF-2
insulin
growth hormone
epidermal growth factor
leptin
prolactin
63
Q

What are normal temperature/heart rate/respiratory rate of calves

A

temperature: 101.5-103
heart rate: 100-140
respiratory rate: 30-60

64
Q

What are normal temperature/heart rate and respiratory rate of lambs?

A

temperature: 102.5-104
heart rate: 120-160
respiratory rate: 30-70

65
Q

What are normal temperature/heart rate/respiratory rate of kids?

A

temperature: 102-104
heart rate: 120-160
respiratory rate: 40-65

66
Q

define bacteremia

A

laboratory finding where bacteria has been found in blood (blood culture) does not imply a systemic effect

67
Q

define septicemia

A

systemic disease associated with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, protozoa, bacteria) or their toxins in blood
**implies patietn is ill

68
Q

Define sepsis

A

combination of infection and a systemic inflammatory response

69
Q

Define systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A

host inflammatory cascade initialed with host defense system fails to recognize or clear the infection

70
Q

define septic shock

A

aggravation of septic state to the point where hypotension or hypoperfusion develops

71
Q

List and define forms of shock (other than septic shock)

A

hypovolemic: fluid loss via capillary leakage
cardiogenic: myocardial depression
distributive: decreased systemic vascular resistance

72
Q

Factors associated with impaired neutrophil function in calves

A
  • decreased neutrophil receptors
  • increased cortisol during 1st 10 days of life
  • dampened neutrophil chemotaxis during cold weather
  • depressed neutrophil function from protein energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies
73
Q

what are general treatment guidelines for neonatal septicemia?

A
  1. control infection
  2. modulate inflammatory response
  3. support animal during critical phase

Neonatalogy (5 decks)

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