Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > 11 C > Flashcards

11 C Flashcards

1
Q

How does sensory information flow?

A

From neuron to neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are neurons functionally connected by?

A

Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are synapses?

A

Junctions that mediate information transfer (neuron to neuron or from one neuron to an effector cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two common types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic and axosomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do axodendritic synapses occur?

A

Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do axosomatic synapses occur?

A

Between axon terminals of one axon and the body (soma) of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 less common types of synapses?

A

Axoaxonal
Dendrodendritic
Somatodendritic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does a presynaptic neuron send impulses?

A

Towards the synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do postsynaptic neurons send impulses?

A

Transmits electrical signals away from synapse (receives information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In the PNS what are postsynaptic neurons?

A

Muscle cells, neurons or gland cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of synapses are more common, electrical or chemical?

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are electrical synapses?

A

Neurons that are electrically coupled (joined by gap junctions)
Synchronize activity
Nerve impulses remain electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are electrical synapses most abundant?

A

Embryonic nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are chemical synapses specialized for?

A

Release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two parts of chemical synapses?

A

Axon terminal and neurotransmitter receptor region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the axon terminal

A

Presynaptic neuron

has synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters to be released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter receptor region?

A

On the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane

On dendrite or cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two parts of the chemical synapse separated by?

A

Synaptic cleft (fluid filled space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is allowed because of electrical impulses changing to chemical across synapse and then back into electrical?

A

Nerve impulse regulation (allows for decision for propagation or termination of impulse)
More fine tune regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the synaptic cleft prevent?

A

Nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next (its a barrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the transmission across a synaptic cleft depend on?

A

Release, diffusion, and receptor bind of neurotransmitters to their receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What direction of communication does synaptic cleft allow for between neurons?

A

Unidirectional communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does a chemical or electrical event happen across the synaptic cleft?

A

Chemical event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What arrives at the axon terminal of presynaptic neuron to start transmission across chemical synapses?

A

Action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the action potential arrival at the presynaptic neuron cause?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open and Ca2+ then flows into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What protein in the presynaptic neuron binds to calcium and what does it cause?

A

Synaptotagmin protein binds to calcium and promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles with the axon membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is exocytosed from the presynaptic neuron after synaptic vesicles bind to the axon membrane?

A

Neurotransmitter is exocytosed into the synaptic cleft

higher impulse frequency causes more to be released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do neurotransmitters bind after they diffuse across the synapse?

A

Binds to receptors on the post synaptic neuron (often chemically gated ion channels0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens to ion channels when the neurotransmitter binds to it?

A

They are opened and an inhibitory or excitatory even happens (graded potential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three ways a neurotransmitter effect is terminated?

A

An astrocyte or axon terminal reuptakes the neurotransmitter
Enzymes degrade it
It diffuses away from synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is synaptic delay?

A

Rate limiting step of neural transmission

time needed for neurotransmitter to be released, diffuse across synapse, and bind to receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do neurotransmitter receptors cause graded potentials that vary in strength?

A

The amount of neurotransmitter released

The time the neurotransmitter stays in area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

EPSP- excitatory postsynaptic potentials

IPSP - inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens During an excitatory synapse?

A

The neurotransmitter binding opens chemically gated channels that allows flow of Na+ and K in opposite directions (Na+ influx is greater than K+ efflux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When does EPSP help trigger AP?

A

If EPSP is of threshold strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where can the EPSP spread to? What does this cause?

A

The axon hillock (cone shaped part of the soma)

This triggers opening of voltage gated channels and causes AP to be generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does IPSPS do to the neuron?

A

Reduces postsynaptic neuron’s ability to produce an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does IPSPS do to the membrane of a neuron?

A

Makes the membrane more permeable to K+ or Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is IPSP?

A

A local hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane that drives the neuron away from AP threshold (less likely to be genrated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

TF: A single EPSP can induce an action potential

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do EPSPs influence postsynaptic neurons?

A

By summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

TF: Most neurons receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from many other neurons

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two types of summation?

A

Temporal summation

Spatial summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens in temporal summation?

A

One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid fire order (TIME)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What happens in spatial summation?

A

Postsynaptic neuron stimulated simultaneously by large numbers of terminals at the same time (Space)

46
Q

What is the language of the nervous system?

A

Neurotransmitters

47
Q

How many neurotransmitters have been identified?

A

50 or more

48
Q

How many neurotransmitters does one neuron make?

A

Two or more (can exert several influences)

49
Q

What are neurotransmitters classified by?

A

Chemical structure and function

50
Q

What is the most understood neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

51
Q

Where is ACh released?

A

Neuromuscular junctions
By some ANS neurons
By some CNS neurons

52
Q

What is ACh synthesized From?

A

Acetic acid and choline

By an enzyme called choline acetyltransferase

53
Q

What is ACh degraded by?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

54
Q

What are the two biogenic amines?

A

Catecholamines

Indolamines

55
Q

Where are biogenic amines broadly distributed?

A

The brain (behaviors and biological clock)

56
Q

What do imbalances of biogenic amines lead to?

A

Mental illness

57
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

58
Q

What are the indolamines?

A

Serotonin

Histamine

59
Q

What amino acids are associated with the chemical structure of neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate
Aspartate
Glycine
GABA

60
Q

What peptides are associated with the chemical structure of neurotransmitters?

A

Substance P
Endorphins
Gut-brain peptides

61
Q

What is Substance P?

A

A mediator of pain signals

62
Q

What do endorphins act as?

A

Natural opiates - reduce pain perception

63
Q

What are the three neuropeptide endorphins?

A

Beta endorphin, dynorphin, and enkephalins

64
Q

Where are gut-brain peptides made and what are the two listed?

A

Made in gut and sent to brain
Somatostatin
Cholecystokinin

65
Q

What nervous systems do purines act in?

A

CNS and PNS

66
Q

What do purines do as neurotransmitters?

A

Produce fast or slow responses

Induce calcium influx in astrocytes

67
Q

What does adenosine do as a neurotransmitter?

A

Potent inhibitor in the brain

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors

68
Q

What is a purine that is a main neurotransmitter?

A

ATP

69
Q

What are the common gastrotransmitters?

A

Nitric oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen sulfide gas

70
Q

When are gastrotransmitters synthesized?

A

On command

71
Q

Are gastrotransmitters lipid soluble or not?

A

Lipid soluble

72
Q

What is nitrous oxide used for in the body?

A

Involved in learning and formation of new memories

Smooth muscle relaxation in intestine

73
Q

What does Hydrogen sulfide gas act directly on?

A

Ion channels to alter function

74
Q

What do endocannabinoids do?

A

Act as same receptors as THC

Involved in learning, memory, neuronal development, controlling appetite, and suppressing nausea

75
Q

Are endocannabinoids lipid soluble?

A

yes

76
Q

When are endocannabinoids synthesized?

A

On command

77
Q

What are neurotransmitters classified by when talking about function?

A

Effects (excitatory vs inhibitory)

Actions (direct vs indirect)

78
Q

Where is ACh an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle

79
Q

Where is ACh inhibitory as a neurotransmitter?

A

In cardiac muscle

80
Q

What neurotransmitters are usually inhibitory?

A

GABA and glycine

81
Q

What neurotransmitter is usually excitatory?

A

Glutamate

82
Q

What happens in direct action?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to and opens an ion channel

Promotes rapid response by altering membrane potential (ACh and amino acids)

83
Q

What happens in indirect action?

A

Neurotransmitter acts through intracellular second messengers, usually G protein pathway
They cause a more broad. and longer lasting effects
(Biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and dissolved)

84
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Channel-linked receptors

G protein linked receptors

85
Q

What do channel linked receptors do?

A

Mediate fast synaptic transmission

86
Q

What do G protein linked receptors do?

A

Oversee slow synaptic responses

87
Q

What kind of channels are channel-linked receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

88
Q

What type of action happens with an ionotropic receptor (channel linked)?

A

Action is immediate and brief

89
Q

What are excitatory receptors in channel linked receptors channels for?

A

Small cations (let in Na+)

90
Q

What are inhibitory receptors of channel linked receptors channels for?

A

Cl- influx that causes hyperpolarization

91
Q

What kind of responses happen in G protein linked (metabotropic) receptors?

A

Indirect
Complex
Slow
Prolonged

92
Q

What kind of complexes are G protein linked receptors?

A

Transmembrane protein complexes

93
Q

What do G protein linked receptors cause?

A

Widespread metabolic changes

94
Q

What are two examples of G protein linked receptors?

A

Muscarinic ACh receptors

Receptors that bind biogeneic amines and neuropeptides

95
Q

What does activation of a G protein cause when a neurotransmitter binds to the G protein linked receptor?

A

A control of the production of second messengers

96
Q

What are some examples of second messengers?

A

cAMP
cGMP
DAG
Ca2+

97
Q

What do second messengers do?

A

Open or close channels
Activate kinase enzymes
Phosphorylate channel proteins
Activate genes and induce protein synthesis

98
Q

TF: Neurons functions in groups

A

True

99
Q

What do neuron groups contribute to?

A

broader neural functions

100
Q

What are neuronal pools?

A

Functional groups of neurons

101
Q

What do neuronal pools do?

A

Integrate incoming information received from receptors or other neuronal pools
Forward processes information to other destinations

102
Q

What is the structure of a single neuronal pool?

A

Single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in pool

103
Q

What is the discharge zone of the neuronal pools?

A

Neurons most closely associating with incoming fiber

104
Q

What is the facilitated zone of the neuronal pool?

A

Neurons farther away from incoming fiber

105
Q

What are circuits?

A

Patters of synaptic connections in neuronal pools

106
Q

What are the 4 types of circuits?

A

Diverging (Amplify)
Converging (Concentrate)
Reverberating (rhythm)
Parallel after discharge (involved in thinking)

107
Q

What happens in serial processing?

A

Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination

108
Q

How do systems work in serial processing?

A

In all or none manner to produce specific anticipated response

109
Q

What is an example of serial processing?

A 
Spinal reflexes (reflex arcs) 
Rapid and automatic responses to stimuli
110
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Input travels along several pathways

Different parts of circuitry deal simultaneously with information

111
Q

TF: in Serial processing one stimulus promotes numerous responses

A

False

This is parallel processing

112
Q

What is parallel processing important for?

A

Higher level mental functioning

Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions