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fundamentals of nursing > Infection Prevention and Control > Flashcards

Infection Prevention and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Infection, disease, and colonization definition

A

invasion of susceptible host by pathogens/microbes resulting in disease

Entry and multiplication of organisms having negative effects

Colonization is when microbes invade host, but don’t cause infection

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2
Q

Communicable, symptomatic, and asymptomatic definitions

What is most imp technique to prevent/control infection?

A

infectious process transmitted from one person to another

when pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs/symptoms

when clinical signs and symptoms are NOT present

Hand washing

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3
Q

Chain of infection

A

Infectious agent —> Reservoir —> Portal of exit —> Mode of transmission —> portal of entry —> susceptible host

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4
Q 
Immunocompromised
Virulence
Aerobic bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria
bacteriostasis
bacteriocidal
A 
having impaired immune system
ability to produce disease
require O2 to survive and multiply to cause disease
thrive in little or no free O2 areas
prevention of growth of bacteria
destructive to bacteria
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5
Q

Microorganisms that cause infections

A

Bacteria –> respond to antibiotics
viruses –> don’t respond to antibiotics –> need antiviral meds
fungus —> antifungal meds
parasites —> treatment depends on type

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6
Q

Reservoir

A

pace where microbe survives/multiplies/waits to transfer to host

People can be reservoirs when symptomatic or not

food/water

Insects/animals

Inanimate objects

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7
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct contact: person to person
Indirect contact: with contaminated object
Droplet: big drops that tracel up to 3 ft via coughing, sneezing, talking
Airborne: small droplets or residue carried on dust particles
Vehicle: an object that transports infection (h2o, food, doorknob)
Vector: animal that carries microbe

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8
Q

Infectious process

A

Incubation period –> Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms
Prodromal stage –> infection present, but no classic signs of illness (nonspecific signs ARE present)
illness stage –> signs/symptoms of disease occurring
convalescence –> recovery stage (symptoms have pretty much resolved)

Can be localized or systemic infections

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9
Q

Defenses against infection

A

Inflammation!!!

Signs of local inflammation and infection are identical

  • pain
  • swelling
  • redness
  • heat
  • impaired func.
  • ends in “itis”
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10
Q

3 stages of inflammation

A

Vascular/cellular response
-increased blood flow and vasodilation –> increaced WBC production

Exudate production

  • body’s defense works to “wall off” infection and prevent spread0
  • exudate can be serous (clear), purulent (light yellowish), hemorrhagic (bloody

Reparative phase

  • repair of injured tissue by regeneration or scar formation
  • granulation tissue is first step
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11
Q

Exudate

A

serous = clear like plasma
Sanguineous/ hemorrhagic = bloody
purulent = pus with wbcs and bacteria

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12
Q

health care associated infections (HAIS)

A

Result from delivery of health services in health care facility

Patients at greater risk for HAIS

  • mult illnesses
  • older ppl
  • poorly nourished
  • lowered resistance to infection (immunocompromised)
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13
Q

Types of HAIs

A 
Iatrogenic = from a procedure
Exogenous = from microorganisms outside individual
Endogenous = when patient's flora is altered and an overgrowth results ---> broad spectrum atibiotic use is required to treat
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14
Q

Risk factors of HAIs

A

of health care employees with direct patient contact
types and # of invasive procedures
therapy received
length of hospitalization

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15
Q

Major sites of HAIs

A

surgical or traumatic wounds
urinary and respiratory tracts
bloodstream

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16
Q

Risk factors for any infection

A

Age
Nutritional status (need protein and carbs)
stress
disease process
treatments or conditions that compromise immune response

17
Q

Nursing process Assessment of infection

A

Review of systems –> travel history
Immunizations and vaccinations
Gether info from fam and friends

Status of defense mechs

Susceptibility (other conditions or med therapy)

Clinical appearance (signs/symptoms)

Lab Data (WBC should be 5000-10000 and cultures should be neg)

18
Q

Hand Hygiene

A

Soap and water before shift, alc-based hand sanitizer before and after contact with patients

Alc-based cleansers not acceptable if visible dirt or C diff is present (or if on chemo precaution)

19
Q

Do we clip patient’s nails?

A

NO!!! IT’D BE BAD IF YOU CUT THEM

20
Q

What influences hygiene?

A 
Social practices
Personal preferences
Body image
Socioeconomic status
health benefits and motivation
cultural variables

Developmental stage (affects how to wash dif areas and A&P of those areas)

Physical condition

21
Q

Safety Guidelines for nursing skills

A

Perform hygiene from cleanest to dirtiest

Continence issues pose threats to skin integrity, increase fall risk, and increase isolation

wear PPE

Test water temp

keep hygeine items within patient’s reach

give proper direction to AP when delegating

monitor lab findings before giving oral hygiene or shaving patient (e.g. coagulation studies)

determine patient’s or caregiver’s knowledge, experience, and health literacy

22
Q

Nursing Process: Diagnosis for infection

A 
Risk for infection
Imbalanced nutrition
Impaired oral mucous membrane
risk for impaired skin integrity
social isolation
impaired tissue integrity
readiness for enhanced immunization status
23
Q

Nursing process: Planning

A

goals/outcomes

set priorities

work with other disciplines

Common goals of patients with infections include
-preventing exposure to infection
control and reduce infection
maintain resistance
verbilize understanding of infection prevention and control techniques (e.g. hand washing)

24
Q

Nursing process: implementation

A

Health promotion
-prevent infection from developing or spreading

Acute care
-treating an infectious process includes eliminating the infectious organisms and supporting the patients defenses

25
Q

Asepsis and Aseptic techniques

A

Asepsis = absence of pathogenic microorganisms

Medical asepsis (clean technique) includes procedures for reducing number of organisms present and preventing transfer of organisms

Surgical asepsis (sterile technique) prevents contamination of open wound, serves to isolate operative area from unsterile environment, and maintains sterile field for surgery

26
Q

Standard precautions

A

Prevent and control infection and its spread

Applies to contact with blood, body fluit, nonintact skin, and mucous membrane

Hand hygiene nicludes instant alc hand anisseptic before and after patient care

Hand washing is the act of washing hands with soap and water, followed by rinsing under a stream of water for 15 seconds.

27
Q

Cleaning

Disinfection

Sterilization

A

Cleaning = removing of visible dirt

Disinfection = eliminates microbes except spores from inanimate objects

Sterilization = complete elimination of microbes including spores

28
Q

Prevention and control

A

Patient safety
separate personal care items
handling solid and fluid waster
wound cleaning

patient education

cough etiquette

isolation and isolation precautions

surgical asepsis

29
Q

Cough etiquetter

A
  • Cover your nose/mouth with a tissue when you cough, and promptly dispose of the contaminated tissue.
  • Place a surgical mask on a patient if it does not compromise respiratory function or is applicable; this may not be feasible in pediatric populations.
  • Perform hand hygiene after contact with contaminated respiratory secretions
  • Maintain spatial separation greater than 3 feet from persons with respiratory infection
30
Q

Isolation and isolation precautions

A

Isolation is separation and restriction of mvmnt of ill ppl with contagious diseases

Isolation precautions for contact, droplet, airborne, and protective environment

31
Q

Isolation Precautions

A

Contact (VRE, MRSA, C diff)
-private room or cohort patients, gloves, gown

Droplet (droplets >5 microns within 3 ft of patient)
-private room or cohort patients, mask/respirator

Airborne (droplet nuclei <5 microns)
-private room, negative-pressure airflow of at least 6-12 exchanges per hour via high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration; mask/respiratory protection device; N95 respirator (maybe)

32
Q

Isolation impacts

A

psychological impacts

isolation environments

specimen collection

bagging of trash or linene (is red bag needed?)

Patient transport

33
Q

Masks

A

Surgical masks: works for protection against most infectious agents –> change when wet or soil

N95 masks for highly contagious respiratory infactions (TB, SARS, flu)
-need to be fitted for this mask

34
Q

Surgical asepsis 7 principles

A
  1. sterile object remains sterile only when touching other sterile objects
  2. only sterile objects can be placed on sterile field
  3. a sterile object or field out of range of vision or an object below a person’s waist is contaminated
  4. sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air
  5. when sterile surface meets wet, contaminated surface, the sterile one is contaminated by capillary action
  6. fluid flows in direction of gravity
  7. outer 1-2” of a sterile field are contaminated

fundamentals of nursing (13 decks)

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