Biology; Cellular Biology

Question 1

5 Components of the Cell Theory

Answer 1

1. All living things are composed of cells
2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life
3. The chemical reactions of life take place inside the cell
4. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
5. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA, this genetic material is passed from parent cell to daughter cell

Question 2

6 Kingdoms of Cell Structure

Answer 2

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

Question 3

What are the 2 Major Types of Cells and Their Traits

Answer 3

Eukaryotic - Membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic - Do not contain a nuclei or membrane-bound organelles, and only possess a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material and ribosomes.

Question 4

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 4

Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins.
Hydrophilic Exterior (Heads), phosphoric-acid region.
Hydrophobic Interior (Tails), fatty-acid region.

Question 5

Cell Membrane

Answer 5

Regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell. Small charged particles are usually able to cross the membrane through protein channels, well charged ions and larger charged molecules cross the membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins.

Question 6

Ribosomes Function in Prokaryotes

Answer 6

Due to the lack of membrane-bound organelles both rRNA synthesis and ribosome function occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 7

What is the Difference Between a Rough ER and a Smooth ER

Answer 7

A rough ER contains ribosomes and contains a role in protein production, as smooth ER does not contain ribosomes and is involved with metabolism and the production of lipids.

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 8

A network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell.

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Facilitate protein production and are made up of 2 rRNA sequences called ribosomal subunits, rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus of eukaryotes.

Question 10

Where do Ribosomes Function

Answer 10

They function either in the cytoplasm as unbound ribosomes or on the outer membrane of the rough ER as bound ribosomes.

Question 11

Cytosol

Answer 11

The cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane.

Question 12

Cyclosis

Answer 12

Streaming movement within the cell.

Question 13

Cytoplasm

Answer 13

Most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs in the cytoplasm, which includes the cytosol, transport within the cytoplasm occurs by cyclosis.

Question 14

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 14

Primary site for cellular trafficking, receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER then modifies them, repackages them into vesicles and distributes them to the cell surface for exocytosis.

Question 15

Exocytosis

Answer 15

Fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane and results in the discharge of vesicle content into the extracellular space and the incorporation of new proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane.

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Contains DNA wound around structural proteins called histones, DNA can tighten or loosen its complexing with the histones. Contains nucleolus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs.

Question 17

Histones

Answer 17

Histones are basic proteins, and their positive charges allow them to associate with DNA, which is negatively charged. Some histones function as spools for the thread-like DNA to wrap around.

Question 18

What Happens to DNA During Replication

Answer 18

DNA tightly winds around the histones, compacting chromatin (loose DNA) into chromosomes.

Question 19

What Happens to DNA During Transcription

Answer 19

DNA unwinds itself from the histones, allowing transcription to occur.

Question 20

Prokaryotes DNA Structure

Answer 20

Prokaryotes don’t have a nuclei and therefore do not possess histones to organize DNA structure, DNA is then organized into circular chromosomes located in the nucleoid.

Question 21

Vacuoles/ Vesicles

Answer 21

Membrane-bound sacs involved in the transport and storage of materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell, vacuoles are bigger than vesicles

Question 22

Centrioles

Answer 22

Composed of microtubules and are involved in spindle organization during cell division. Not bound by a membrane.

Question 23

Lysosomes

Answer 23

Membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion, and break down material ingested by the cell.

Question 24

Autolysis

Answer 24

The enzymatic digestion of cells by the action of its own enzymes, and it mostly occurs in dying or dead cells.

Question 25

Cytoskeleton

Answer 25

Supports the cell, maintains its shape, and aids in cell motility. Composed of Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments.