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Molecular Genetics > Exodus of Early Man > Flashcards

Exodus of Early Man Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organisms

A

example: elm grove in utah (pando)
- Is a sprout from another tree an organism? If you take it from another place to another would it still be another organism?
- It simply a definition
- Do trees know they are alive? Other organisms?

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2
Q

species

A
  • no such thing, it is all made up
  • Two groups of organisms that cannot interbreed
  • Do bacteria have species? - - Do not have sex (infection)
  • Do bacteria live forever? -
  • Once they split from the mother, which of the two daughter cells is the mother?
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3
Q

ring species

A
  • a situation in which two populations which do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed.
  • example: the gull and san joaquin valley salamanders
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4
Q

List differences between archaic and modern man

A
  • smaller brain size: 500,000 years ago brain size increased significantly
    200,000 years ago it reached modern levels
  • behaviorally: culture developed
  • anatomically: happened before anatomically modern humans; we cannot swallow and breathe at the same time
  • racial variations: The racial variation of the genus homo developed only within the last 100,000 years
  • capacity for highly developed language
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5
Q

Which hominid was the first to have bipedal locomotion?

A

Australopithecus

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6
Q

When and who developed Art?

A
  • Cro magnum was the first to develop art and the distinction between other hominids
  • Occurring 45,000 years ago
  • The emergence of language, art, enhanced too making, science
  • Are these traits due to mutated genes?
  • Archaeologists believe that the appearance of art correlates with the development of complex language
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7
Q

When was fire introduced?

A

1.7 million years ago

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8
Q

When did the Hominids begin to use fashioned stone tools?

A
  • Tool making advanced in stages corresponding to large scale changes in genetic makeup
  • Homo habilis was the first to develop this around 2.5-1.7 million years ago
  • Homo erectus and neanderthaals started to develop more advanced tools around .25 and .05 mya but stayed in this state for 200,000 years
  • Cro magnum developed even more after them
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9
Q

Understand the role of SRGAP2 in Hominid evolution

A
  • Has made higher culture possible
  • Duplications in SRGAP2 may have played an important role in human evolution
  • First time it duplicated was before “Lucy” (australopithecus) = 3.2 mill
  • Second time was around homo habilis and erectus 2.4 mya; Stone tools developed
  • Third time occurred around 1 mya with homo neanderthalensis and homo antecessor; Fire developed shortly after
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10
Q

What is “neoteny”?

A
  • Observed with the SRGAP2 gene that was mutated 3 times
  • Prolonging of the juvenile stage
  • Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adults of species
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11
Q

Understand role of FOXP2 transcription factor in the evolution of modern Homo sapiens.

A
  • Thought to give us language
  • Is the difference between archaic and modern humans
  • This gene and broca’s area is thought to attribute to handedness
  • If you mutate it, the people who have it have trouble constructing sentences
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12
Q

CNTNAP2 gene has a role in what?

A

(autism, dyslexia, schizophrenia, Tourette syndrome and depression

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13
Q

what is the potential connection between FOXP2 and CNTNAP2?

A
  • FOXP2 may contribute to its regulation based on a binding site located on the CNTNAP2 gene
  • Has a binding site for FOXP2 in intron 1
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14
Q

which mutation is useful in establishing a molecular clock?

A

Synonymous is useful in establishing a molecular clock

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15
Q

where is positive selection pressure the strongest and what does it mean?

A

phylogenic tree - the higher the ratio the more positive selection pressure there is

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16
Q

homo erectus

A

archaic humans (asia)

17
Q

homo Neanderthals

A

archaic humans (europe/middle east)

18
Q

homo sapiens

A
  • The earth was only populated by archaic humans until about 200,000 years ago
  • Underwent a genetic bottle neck and went down to 10,000 mating pairs about 70,000-90,000 years ago - possibly drove the third exodus
19
Q

synonymous mutation

A
  • Second or bottom number in the ratio
  • No evolutionary change
  • No change in the amino acid residue encoded in the protein, neutral, molecular clock
  • Mitochondrial D-loop region
20
Q

nonsynonymous mutation

A
  • First or top number in the ratio
  • Change the amino acid
  • Rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous mutations gives indication of selection pressure. High percentage of nonsynonymous indicates positive selection
21
Q

molecular clock

A
  • The number of synonymous mutations within a population gives a measure of the time elapsed
  • How often mutations appears
  • How one variation changes versus to another
  • Mitochondrial
22
Q

SRGAP2

A
  • guides neurons where to go
  • More and more elongated necks off of the dendrites
  • Shortened when it was mutated and could not function correctly and binds to the wild type and causes that to malfunction as well
  • The mutant form combines with the original form and becomes insoluble and precipitates out; interferes with the original function - slows down brain development
  • Has been duplicated three times in the human line and not in other primates
23
Q

what changes in primate evolution has SRGAP2 changed?

A
  • An increase in the length of dendrite stems and an increase in the spines
  • Believes to increase capacity for cognitive brain development
  • Correlates with the beginning of neocortex expansion in the hominin line
  • A slowing down of brain development
24
Q

When did man become behaviorally modern?

A

Comparisons of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations in FOXP2 suggest that it occurred 400,000 - 600,000 years ago (before cro magnon split from neanderthals). Too early to account for the relatively recent development of art which appeared approximately 50,000 years ago

25
Q

when was the first exodus?

A
  • 600,000-700,000 years ago with homo heidelbergensis
  • start of the archaic human
26
Q

what happened after the split from homo heidelbergensis?

A
  • migrated away from africa into colder regions and became cold adapted
  • The species split from this include homo denisova and homo neanderthals
27
Q

what was the second exodus?

A
  • occurred around 120,000 years with homo sapiens
  • went along Mediterranean but got rebuffed by the Neanderthals
28
Q

what was the third exodus?

A
  • occurred around 60-70,000 years ago again with homo sapiens
  • Gone southern route into indonesia, india, australia, etc. and coming into neanderthals in europe
  • became old adapted

Molecular Genetics (28 decks)

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