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Nurs 368 > Infant Nutrition > Flashcards

Infant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How many calories should a newborn be given each day?

A

50 calories per pound of body weight

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2
Q

How many calories are in each ounce of formula/breast milk?

A

20 calories per ounce

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3
Q

When should an infant be back at birthweight after losing the weight initially?

A

10-14 days

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4
Q

What percentage of the birthweight will babies typically lose?

A

5-10% (begin to worry and assess infant at 7%)

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5
Q

What is the average newborn intake for the first 24 hours? By day 4? By day7?

A

First 24 hours: around 2-10ml per feed
By day 4: around 30-60ml per feed
By day 7: around 60-90 ml per feed

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6
Q

What is the gastric size of a newborn at birth?

A

Around 6 ml/kg (15-24ml)

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7
Q

What are 5 common hunger cues?

A

Hand to mouth, rooting, sucking, whimpering, crying

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8
Q

Why might babies be sleepy and have difficulty coordinating the sucking motion in the first 24-48 hours?

A

Epidural anesthesia may still be affecting the infant

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9
Q

Is formula equivalent to breast feeding?

A

No, but it will meet all of the nutritional needs of the infant

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10
Q

What are the main types of formulas?

A

Cow’s milk based and iron fortified, soy based, elemental, lactose free

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11
Q

Is it okay to dilute breast milk or formula to stretch how long the milk can be used?

A

No. this will deplete the infant of nutrients and could kill the infant over the course of time

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12
Q

How often should an infant be fed?

A

Every 3-4 hours

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13
Q

Why is it important to hold the infant in an upright position when bottle feeding?

A

To prevent ear infections

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14
Q

When should a baby be burped?

A

In the middle and at the end of feedings

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15
Q

Will a breast fed or formula fed baby gain weight quicker? Why?

A

Formula fed baby, because these babies tend to overeat as they will finish the entire bottle of milk, even when full

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16
Q

What is the stool of a formula fed baby like, compared to a breastfed baby?

A

Firmer, foul odor, and tend to cause constipation

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17
Q

What is an indication that a baby may be ready for solid foods?

A

Drooling

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18
Q

How long should an infant be only reliant on milk?

A

Around 6 months

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19
Q

When can a baby be given cow’s milk?

A

Around 12 months

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20
Q

When is the earliest babies should be given solid foods?

A

4 months

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21
Q

When can babies be given honey?

A

After 1st year

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22
Q

Benefits of breast feeding for mom

A

Helps uterine involution, delays return of normal ovulation, decreases risk of ovarian/breast cancer, burns calories

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23
Q

Disadvantages of breastfeeding

A

Nipple tenderness, leaking milk, stress, unequal feeding responsibility for parents, diet restriction, limited hormonal birth control, vaginal dryness

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24
Q

Who should not breast feed?

A

Mothers with HIV, AIDS, alcoholics, mothers who use drugs, chemotherapy, active herpes on breast, active varicella, active tb, and mothers who have galactosemia

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25
Q

What makes the muscle cells of the breast contract and release milk?

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

What makes milk-secreting cells secrete and produce milk?

A

Prolactin

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27
Q

When does milk production begin?

A

48-72 hours after delivery

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28
Q

What stimulates milk production initially?

A

Decrease in estrogen/progesterone following the birth of the baby

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29
Q

What happens in lactogenesis-1?

A

Colostrum is produced

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30
Q

What is produced in lactogenesis-2?

A

Transitional milk is produced

31
Q

What is produced in lactogenesis-3 and when does this happen?

A

Mature milk is produced by 10-14 days

32
Q

What is foremilk?

A

Thirst-quenching milk in the beginning of feeding

33
Q

What is hindmilk?

A

Higher fat concentration milk that provides the main source of energy for the infant and is produced at the end of a feed

34
Q

When does engorgement happen?

A

3-5 days postpartum during lactogenesis-2

35
Q

How can engorgement be relieved?

A

Frequent nursing, warm shower before nursing, a supportive nursing bra, cold cabbage leaves / cold packs

36
Q

How many feedings should an infant have per day? How long should each of these feedings be?

A

8-12 times a day for around 10-20 minutes per feeding

37
Q

How many wet diapers should an infant have daily? By what day should this be seen?

A

6-8 wet diapers daily by day 6

38
Q

How many stools should an infant produce daily? By when?

A

4-8 stools daily by day 4

39
Q

How much weight should an infant be gaining weekly?

A

4-7 ounces

40
Q

When is the “golden hour” for breastfeeding?

A

Immediately after birth

41
Q

How often should an infant be breast fed/formula fed?

A

Breastfed: every 2-3 hours
Formula fed: every 3-4 hours

42
Q

When should thawed breast milk be used?

A

Within 24 hours

43
Q

4 main breast feeding positions

A

Cradle, cross-cradle, lying down, football

44
Q

What are some maternal complications of pregnancy?

A

History of breast surgery, flat or inverted nipples, poor latch, nipple trauma with pain or cracked nipples, engorged breasts, plugged ducts,mastitis,complications from newborn issues

45
Q

Newborn breastfeeding issues

A

Sleepy!!, jaundice, premature/late preterm infants,congenital defects, ankyloglossia (tongue tie)

46
Q

What can nipple shells be used for?

A

Flat or inverted nipples and sore or cracked nipples

47
Q

What can a nipple shield be used for?

A

Flat or inverted nipples, sore or cracked nipples

48
Q

What is the downside of using a nipple shield?

A

Too much let-down & too much milk flow

49
Q

What percentage of a dose of medication given to the mother will transfer to the breast milk?

A

Generally <1%

50
Q

can drugs be taken while breastfeeding?

A

Yes, many drugs can be taken safely while breastfeeding

51
Q

What are some breastfeeding resources?

A

Nursery and postpartum nurses, lactation consultants, La leche league,local breastfeeding and motherhood resources handout, WHO, CDC, baby friendly USA website

52
Q

What is the ideal nipple shape for breastfeeding?

A

Everted nipples

53
Q

Should breastfeeding mothers wash their nipples daily with soap and water?

A

No

54
Q

How is risk of Alzheimer’s linked to breastfeeding?

A

Breast feeding may lower Alzheimer’s risk for mothers

55
Q

What is a big indication of dehydration in newborns?

A

Dry mucous membranes and soft fontanelles that can be inverted

56
Q

Why does an infant become hungry so quickly?

A

Gastric size is very small (around 6mL/kg)

57
Q

What is a late hunger cue?

A

Crying

58
Q

Normal blood sugar for newborns is (higher/lower) than blood sugar of adults?

A

Lower

59
Q

Why is cow’s milk not ideal for babies?

A

It has too much protein, the protein is difficult to break down, and the electrolytes are not balanced for humans

60
Q

Why is soy based formula not ideal?

A

Soy is not a complete protein

61
Q

What kind of formula is most common?

A

Elemental

62
Q

What is the best type of water to mix in with formula?

A

Bottled water

63
Q

How should a bottle be held to feed a baby? why?

A

Nipple should be completely filled with milk in order to decrease amount of air that the baby is swallowing

64
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux?

A

Spitting up

65
Q

If a baby is spitting up ______ tablespoons, the provider should be contacted

A

2-3

66
Q

How many ounces of juice should a baby be given in a day?

A

No more than 4 ounces

67
Q

How many hours should a mom wait to breast feed per alcoholic beverage?

A

2 hours

68
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the milk ejection reflex?

A

Oxytocin

69
Q

When do babies have growth spurts?

A

2,4, 6 weeks and 3 months

70
Q

Why does jaundice occur?

A

Excess of bilirubin present

71
Q

common cause of mastitis

A

Cracked nipples

72
Q

What can be used to treat cracked nipples?

A

Lanolin

73
Q

What forms of supplemental feeding can be used when breastfeeding is not working?

A

Spoons, cups, syringes ⇒ keeps baby from getting used to a bottle

Nurs 368 (20 decks)

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