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Anatomy and Biomechanics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ADL

A

Activity of daily living

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2
Q

IADL

A

instrumental activity of daily living

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3
Q

Occupations

A

everyday activities that bring meaning and purpose to life

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4
Q

Occupational Performance

A

performing/completing the meaningful activities

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5
Q

Performance skills

A

goal-directed actions that contribute to occupational performance (there are 3 types)

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6
Q

motor skills

A

reaching, stabilizing, manipulating, walking, etc. ; rely on musculoskeletal structures (a type of performance skill)

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7
Q

Process skills

A

navigating and organizing (a type of performance skill)

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8
Q

Social interaction skills

A

speaking (a type of performance skill)

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9
Q

Functional anatomy

A

underlying body structures that contribute to movements involved in daily function

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10
Q

Functional mobility

A

moving from place to place or from one position to another

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11
Q

Purposeful movement

A

the meaning behind the motion (ex: shoulder flexion for bathing)

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12
Q

Performance patterns

A

habits, routines, roles and rituals that create rhythms and expectations of daily life

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13
Q

Anatomical position

A

Human body is standing upright, feel slightly apart, head forward, arms to side and palms forward.

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14
Q

posterior OR dorsal

A

back (for the hand: opposite the palm)

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15
Q

anterior OR volar

A

front (for the hand: refers to palm)

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16
Q

medial

A

close to mid-line

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17
Q

lateral

A

away from mid-line

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18
Q

proximal and distal

A

position relative to trunk (ex: foot is distal to knee, knee is proximal to foot)

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19
Q

radial and ulnar

A

relative position on forearm, wrist and hand (thumb = radial, small finger = ulnar)

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20
Q

superior

A

above

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21
Q

inferior

A

below

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22
Q

cranial

A

direction of skull

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23
Q

caudal

A

beneath; toward “tail”

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24
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of the body

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25
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of body

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26
Q

Two places that skeletal muscles attach to bone

A

origin: attachment that moves the least upon muscle contraction
insertion: more moveable attachment
typically the origin is proximal and the insertion is distal

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27
Q

palpation

A

physical touch that helps to identify musculoskeletal structures

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28
Q

surface anatomy

A

features that are palpable or visible on the surface

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29
Q

bony landmark

A

a component of a bone that protrudes beneath the skin

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30
Q

kinesiology

A

study of anatomy and mechanics in relation to human movement

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31
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into right and left (most flexion/extension occurs here)

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32
Q

frontal (aka coronal)

A

divides body into anterior/posterior (usually involves abduction/adduction)

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33
Q

transverse

A

divides body into inferior and superior (most rotatory motion)

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34
Q

frontal axis of motion

A

medial to lateral

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35
Q

sagittal axis of motion

A

anterior to posterior

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36
Q

vertical axis of motion

A

inferior to superior

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37
Q

kinetic chains

A

the cooperative, interdependent movement of the segments and joints of the body

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38
Q

closed-chain

A

functional movement involves the proximal joints moving in relation to a fixed distal segment (ex: squatting to pick up a box - your feet are planted creating closed chains in the lower extremities)

these chains promote stabilization of joints and generally require more muscles to support joints in the chain

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39
Q

open-chains

A

involve free movement of distal body segment in space, allowing joints to move together or independently of others

these require less muscle recruitment as mobility is prioritized over stability.

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40
Q

force

A

any push or pull of matter

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41
Q

tensile force

A

pulling

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42
Q

compressive force

A

pushing

43
Q

moment

A

turning effect of force (ability to rotate around an axis)

aka Torque

44
Q

Moment arm

A

distance from axis (joint) to force (muscle)

45
Q

levers

A

pulley systems in the body which provide mechanical advantage and generate functional motion

46
Q

first-class lever

A

exerted force and resistive force are on opposite sides of an axis (ex: human neck)

47
Q

second-class lever

A

the resistive force is closer to the axis than the exerted force

48
Q

third-class lever

A

the resistive force is further from the axis than the exerted force (most common form of lever in humans)

49
Q

elasticity

A

the ability of soft tissue to stretch and return to normal shape after tensile force is removed due to the collagen base

50
Q

stress

A

amount of force applied per area

51
Q

strain

A

the amount of material displacement under a specific amount of stress

52
Q

elastic deformation

A

the return of normal shape in soft tissues after strain

53
Q

load to failure

A

when forces exceed the capability of tissue for elastic deformation; permanent rupture or deformation is the result

54
Q

yield point

A

max stress that can be sustained prior to tissue failure

55
Q

biomechanics

A

structure, function, and motion of the biological systems that make a living organism

56
Q

bone

A

made of collagen and a calcium based mineral called hydroxyapatite

57
Q

cortical bone

A

greater mineral content than collagen; found in shaft of long bones (humerus and femur); supplies rigid support

58
Q

cancellous (spongy) bone

A

higher in collagen content; within marrow cavity and at ends of long bone; increases ability to absorb compressive loads

59
Q

articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

dense connective tissue that supplies a cushion to absorb repetitive compressive forces between bones

mature cartilage is avascular (lacks blood vessels) aneural (lacks innervation) and lacks nociceptors

60
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

a common musculoskeletal pathology that involves degeneration of cartilage within a joint

61
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone; contribute stability to joints of body tendons

62
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone; transfer the force of muscle contraction to bone for joint movement

63
Q

joint capsule

A

forms a dense fibrous sleeve around a synovial (moving) joint gives it passive stability and contains synovial fluid for lubrication

64
Q

aponeurosis

A

a broad fibrous insertion that often connects adjacent muscles

65
Q

muscle

A

provides force for functional movement of the skeleton and alter the shape of internal organs and vessels (ducts, arteries and veins) facilitating the function of various body systems

66
Q

skeletal (striated) muscle

A

move the bones of the skeleton, supplying force for purposeful movement of the body

67
Q

endomysium

A

a connective tissue layer surrounding individual muscle fibers; contains capillaries and nerve fibers that innervate and supply individual muscle fibers

68
Q

perimysium

A

similar to endomysium; wraps groups of muscle fibers called fascicles

69
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds groups of fasicles, forming the entire muscle

70
Q

myofibrils

A

long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins in each muscle fiber

71
Q

sarcomeres

A

divisions of myofibrils; contractile units of a muscle

they either contract fully or not at all

72
Q

myosin

A

proteins found in thicker filaments

73
Q

actin

A

proteins found in thin filaments

74
Q

m-line

A

midline of thick myosin filament

75
Q

titin filaments

A

form a stabilizing border around myosin; limits their excursion and contributes to tightness

76
Q

Z-discs

A

lie at opposing ends of sarcomeres and connect actin filaments and delineate one sarcomere from the next

77
Q

motor units

A

composed of a single motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates

the strength of a muscle contraction depends on the number of motor units that contract

78
Q

physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA)

A

area of a cross section of muscle at it’s widest point

79
Q

pennate muscles

A

fibers are oriented obliquely (slanted) to the tendon; short fibers that do not run the entire length of the muscle

multipennate (deltoid); bipennate (lumbricals); unipennate (semimembranous)

can exert more force than an equivalently sized parallel muscle

80
Q

fusiform muscles

A

fibers arranged parallel to the line of force (ex: sternocleidomastoid)

can apply force over a much greater range of movement

81
Q

fascia

A

noncontractile (passive) tissues in a muscle

82
Q

resting muscle tone

A

low-grade motor signals coupled with tension from fascia

83
Q

flaccid (limp) muscle

A

caused by loss of innervation to a muscle as a result of a peripheral nerve injury

84
Q

hypertonia

A

increased muscle tone; caused by unregulated contractile signals coming from the CNS

85
Q

muscle spindles

A

elongated encapsulated structures located within muscle fibers

signal changes in muscle length, informing brain on rate and amount of strain, and contribute to proprioception

86
Q

phasic stretch reflex

A

triggered by spindles; activates an agonist muscle to contract if overstretched

87
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

slender encapsulated structures located at junction of muscle and tendon

they inform the brain of muscle force contraction and may trigger a protective reflex with overstretch, relaxing agonist muscle to prevent tendon damage

88
Q

slow twitch fibers

A

Type 1 fibers

capable of low force sustained over a long period of time and are more resistant to fatigue

89
Q

fast-twitch fibers

A

Type 2 Fibers

capable of generating powerful contraction for intense, focused movements but fatigue more quickly

90
Q

motor memory

A

learned patterns of movement/motion

91
Q

prime mover (agonist)

A

within a group, this muscle generates the most force to produce the motion

92
Q

antagonists

A

the muscles that usually produce the opposite motion of the current agonist; these must relax while the motion is performed
- a stroke (or CVA) may result in increased muscle tone or spasticity of agonist muscles, limiting the action of antagonists

93
Q

fixators

A

aka stabilizers
muscles that provide stability from the origin of the muscle contracting

stability of motion begins in the pelvis and trunk, and motion becomes more precise through the extremities into the hands/feet

94
Q

synergists

A

muscles that assist the prime mover

95
Q

force couple

A

muscles working together, through acting in different directions, to produce a motion or stabilize a joint

96
Q

isometric contractions

A

muscle contractions without a change in length

97
Q

isotonic contractions

A

muscle contractions with a change in length

eccentric: lengthening contractions
concentric: shortening contractions

98
Q

load rate

A

how quickly a force is applied to a tissue

99
Q

passive insufficiency

A

the inability of a muscle to elongate enough to allow a joint to move through it’s full ROM

100
Q

active insufficiency

A

when the muscle cannot contract any further even if the joint hasn’t reached full ROM because the adjacent fibers have maximally shortened

101
Q

joint (articulation)

A

the connection- synovial, cartilaginous, or fibrous - between two bones

102
Q

synovial joints

A

mobile joints which allow for purposeful movement

103
Q

fibrous joints

A

feature little or no mobility; sutures of skull

104
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

feature little or no mobility; pubic symphysis of pelvis

Anatomy and Biomechanics (2 decks)

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