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Hematology 1 [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 2: QUIZ 2 COVERAGE > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2: QUIZ 2 COVERAGE Flashcards

1
Q

1961: Till and McCulloch

- irradiated [?] and [?] of mice = aplasia

A

spleens and BM

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2
Q

1961: Till and McCulloch

- Aplastic mice given IV injection of

A

BM

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3
Q

1961: Till and McCulloch

- Colonies of HSCs were seen [?] later in the spleens

A

7-8 days

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4
Q

1961: Till and McCulloch

- Colonies =

A

Colony Forming Unit-Spleen (CFU-S)

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5
Q

Capable of self renewal and production of differentiated progeny

A

Colony Forming Unit-Spleen (CFU-S)

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6
Q

“committed myeloid progenitors”

A

colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte “CFU-GEMM

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7
Q

capable of giving rise to multiple lineages of blood cells

A

Colony Forming Unit-Spleen (CFU-S)

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8
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS

2 Major types

A

I. Noncommitted/Undifferentiated hematpoietic stem cells (HSCs)
II. Committed projenitor cells

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9
Q

HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR CELLS (committed and noncommitted) give rise to

A

all of the mature blood cells

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10
Q

2 Theories of Hematopoietic Progenitor cell origin

A
  1. Monophyletic theory

2. Polyphyletic theory

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11
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

Monophyletic theory

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12
Q

Most widely accepted theory

A

Monophyletic theory

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13
Q

vCapable of self-renewal

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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14
Q

vAre pluripotent

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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15
Q

vGive rise to diff progeny

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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16
Q

vAble to reconstitute the hematopoietic system of a lethally irradiated host

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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17
Q

Can differentiate into progenitor cells committed to either lymphoid or myeloid lineages

A

UNDIFFERENTIATED HSCS

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18
Q

Proliferates and Differentiates into: T, B, natural killer lymphocyte, dendritic cells

A

Common lymphoid progenitor

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19
Q

Proliferates and differentiates into: individual granulocytic, erythrocytic, monocytic and megakaryocytic lineages

A

Common myeloid progenitor

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20
Q

FATES OF HSCS

A
  1. Self-renewal
  2. Differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
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21
Q

When the HSC divide, it gives rise to two identical daughter cells

A

a. Symmetric division

b. Asymmetric division

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22
Q

**Till and Mculloch: Proposed that hematopoiesis is a random process whereby the JSC randomly commits to self-renewal or differentiation

A

STOCHASTIC model of hematopoiesis

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23
Q

Later studies suggest that the microenvironment in the BM determines whether the HSC will sef-renew or differentiate

A

INSTRUCTIVE model of hematopoiesis

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24
Q

Current thinking suggests that the ultimate decision made by the HSC can be describes by both

A

stochastic and instructive

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25
Q

Initial decision to self renew is probably

A

stochastic

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26
Q

which occurs later is determined by various signals from the HIM in response to spp requirements of the body

A

Lineage differentiation

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27
Q

parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes are visible with light microscope

A

Mitotic phase

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28
Q

-Cytoplasm and nucleus mature at the same rate

A
  1. Synchronous
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29
Q

-Cytoplasm or nucleus mature first before the other Can lead to abnormality in shape and size

A
  1. Asynchronous
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30
Q
  1. Blast cells do not have
A

granules

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31
Q
  1. Blast cells contain a (?) ([?] to [?] of cell area) and a (?)
A

large nucleus - 3/3 to 7/8

small amount of cytoplasm

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32
Q
  1. As cells mature, the cytoplasm becomes
A

less basophilic

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33
Q 
4. As cells mature, the (?) of the nucleus becomes heavier, and the  
darker the (?) stains, the heavier the chromatin is
A

chromatin

nucleus

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34
Q
  1. As the cells mature, they become
A

smaller

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35
Q
  1. (?) tend to disappear in mature cells
A

Nucleoli

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36
Q
  1. As cells mature, specific granules become
A

less prominent and smaller

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37
Q
  1. There are 4 different types of granules:
A

neutrophilic, basophilic, eosinophilic, azurophilic (primary)

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38
Q

-Group of specific glycoproteins secreted by cells

A

Cytokine

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39
Q

-in Hematopoiesis, they regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells (include: IL, lymphokines, monokines, interferons, chemokines, colony stimulating factors)

A

Cytokine

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40
Q

•Have direct and indirect effects on hematopoietic cells

A

CYTOKINES OR GROWTH FACTORS

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41
Q

•Cytokines with a positive influence on hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells with multilineage potential

A

KIT ligand, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, IL-1, 6, 11

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42
Q

KIT ligand, FLT3 ligand, GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-11

A

Cytokines with a positive influence on hematopoiesis

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43
Q

Cytokines with a negative influence on hematopoiesis

A

Transforming growth factor-B, Tumor necrosis factor-a, interferons

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44
Q

Cytokines with multiple actions

A

Interleukins

45
Q

a. Proteins exhibiting

A

multiple biologic activities

46
Q

b. Have [?] with other cytokines

A

synergistic interactions

47
Q

c. Part of interacting systems with [?]

A

amplification potential

48
Q

d. effective at

A

very low concentrations

49
Q

-have high specificity for their target cells

A

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

50
Q

-active at low concentrations

A

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

51
Q

Can be classified accdg to the part of the development process that they influence

A

Growth Factors

52
Q

Multilineage in action

A

Early acting growth factors

53
Q

Ex: KIT ligand, FLT3 Ligand, GM-CSF, IL-3

A

Early acting growth factors

54
Q

formerly erythrocytes

A

RBCs

55
Q

Erythroblasts

A

nucleated red cell precursors

56
Q

Normoblasts

A

developing nucleated cells with normal appearance

57
Q

Megaloblast

A

abnormal appearance of developing nucleated cells in megaloblastic anemia

58
Q

Three nomenclatures are used in naming for the erythroid precursors

A

NORMOBLASTIC
RUBRIBLASTIC
ERYTHROBLASTIC

59
Q

-The glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidneys (renal peritubular interstitial cells)

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN

60
Q

-ERYTHROPOIETIN Main effect:

A

Place more erythrocytes into the circulation at a faster rate

61
Q

Main effect: Place more erythrocytes into the circulation at a faster rate.

HOW?

A
  1. Early release of reticulocytes
  2. Prevent apoptotic cell death
  3. Reduces maturation time inside the bone marrow
62
Q

MATURATION SEQUENCE

A

I. Erythroid progenitors

II. Erythroid Precursors

63
Q

I. Erythroid progenitors

A

a. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells
b. CFU-GEMM/CFU-S
c. CFU-MegE
d. BFU-E
d. CFU-E

64
Q

II. Erythroid Precursors

A

a. Pronormoblast
b. Basophilic normoblast
c. Polychromatic normoblast
d. Orthochromic normoblast
e. Reticulocyte/Polychromatic (polychromatophilic)
erythrocyte
f. Erythrocyte

65
Q

is a process encompassing replication (division) to increase cell numbers and development from immature to mature cell stages.

A

Normoblastic proliferation

66
Q

Period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible under the light microscope

A

Interphase

67
Q

Limbo phase; Cells that are not dividing and possibly never to divide again

A

G0 phase

68
Q

Metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components

A

G1 phase (8-10 hours)

69
Q

Replication of chromosome begins

A

G1 phase (8-10 hours)

70
Q

Replication of DNA and chromosomes

A

S phase (8 hours)

71
Q

Cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue

A

G2 phase (4-6 hours)

72
Q

Replication of centrosome complete

A

G2 phase (4-6 hours)

73
Q

Parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes visible under the light microscope

A

Mitotic Phase

74
Q

▪ Nuclear division

A

Mitosis

75
Q

▪ Distribution of two sets of chromosomes into separate nuclei

A

Mitosis

76
Q

Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids

A

Prophase

77
Q

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

A

Prophase

78
Q

Each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell

A

Prophase

79
Q

Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

80
Q

Centromeres split

A

Anaphase

81
Q

Identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

A

Anaphase

82
Q

Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear

A

Telophase

83
Q

Chromosome resume chromatin form

A

Telophase

84
Q

Mitotic spindle disappears

A

Telophase

85
Q

▪ Cytoplasmic division

A

Cytokinesis

86
Q

▪ Usually begins in late anaphase with the formation of a cleavage furrow & is completed after the telophase

A

Cytokinesis

87
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

EPO

88
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

G-CSF

89
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

GM-CSF

90
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IL-2

91
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IL-3

92
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IL-6

93
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IL-10

94
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IL-12

95
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IL-15

96
Q

Primary Cell Source:
Primary Target Cell:
Biological Activity:
Current/Potential Therapeutic Applications:

A

IFN-a

97
Q

-Stimulus to red cell production

A

Hypoxia

98
Q

Primary oxygen sensing system

A

kidneys (peritubular fibroblasts)

99
Q

Hypoxia = detected by [?] which release EPO

A

peritubular cells

100
Q

detected by peritubular cells which release EPO

A

Hypoxia

101
Q

They receive 20% of cardiac output with little loss of O2 levels leaving the heart =
early detection of oxygen level decline

A

kidneys

102
Q

Regardless of the source of hypoxia, having more [?] should help to overcome it.

A

red blood cells

103
Q

A true hormone

A

Erythropoietin – EPO

104
Q

Produced at the kidneys

A

Erythropoietin – EPO

105
Q

Acting at a distant location (the bone marrow)

A

Erythropoietin – EPO

106
Q

A growth factor that initiates an intracellular message to the developing red cells = SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

A

EPO

107
Q

**EPO must bind to its [?] to initiate the signal or the message.

A

receptor on the surface of the cells

108
Q

Criteria used in the ID of the erythroid precursors:

Trends affecting the red cell appearance throughout maturation:

A
  1. Overall diameter of the cell decreases
  2. Diameter of the nucleus decreases l=more rapidly than does the size of the cell = N:C ratio decreases
  3. Nuclear chromatin becomes coarser, clumped, condensed
  4. Nucleoli disappear

Hematology 1 [LEC] (25 decks)

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