Seminar 3 - Motivation, Goal Setting, Performance Profiling

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

Motivation is the direction and intensity of effort (Weinberg & Gould, 2015)

Direction — whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations
Intensity — how much effort one puts forth in a particular situation

Motivation is dependent on the person and situation.

Question 2

What are some of the theories associated with motivation?

Answer 2

Self-Efficacy Theory
Competence Motivation Theory
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Need Achievement Theory
Self-determination Theory
Attribution Theory
Achievement Goals

Question 3

What is Self Efficacy Theory? (Bandura, 1977, 1986)

Answer 3

Belief that one has the ability to perform at a specified level on a certain task (situation specific not a personality trait).

Persons self-efficacy can determine whether they approach or avoid an achievement situation.

Form of self confidence, which is particular to a specific situation e.g. exercise. Confidence essential component of successful performance.

Question 4

According to Bandura’s theory, when is self-efficacy enhanced?

What is high self efficacy is associated with?

Answer 4

Successful Performance
Vicarious experience (social comparisons)
Persuasion
Emotional arousal

Working harder
Persisting in the task longer
Achieve at a higher level

Question 5

What is Competence Motivation Theory? (Harter, 1988)

Answer 5

Harter (1988) proposed a theory of achievement motivation that is based on an athlete’s feeling of personal competence

Perceptions of success develops feelings of positive or negative affect.
Successful attempts at mastery increase self efficacy.

Question 6

What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory? (Hardy et al., 1996)

Answer 6

Propose that individuals have an innate need to feel personally competent and self-determining .

Intrinsic motivation is maximised when individuals feel competent and self determining — (compared to standards).

Change of locus of control from external to internal.

Question 7

What is locus of causality/control?

How to sustain high levels of motivation?

What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory affected by?

Answer 7

Internal LOC: perceive action to be initiated by them
External LOC: perceive action to have been initiated by others

Must receive positive feedback
Set performance goals as opposed to outcome goals

Distribution of rewards (external rewards system)
Quality and quantity of feedback and reinforcement
Environment (competition)

Question 8

What are the 5 components of Need Achievement Theory? (Atkinson, 1974; McClelland, 1961)

Answer 8

1. Personality factors - Achieve success/avoid failure
2. Situational factors - High/low chance of success
3. Resultant tendencies - Wanting to challenge themselves/avoid challenges
4. Emotional reactions - Pride or shame
5. Achievement-related behaviours - Approach or avoid challenge

Question 9

What is Self-determination Theory? (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000)

Answer 9

“people are inherently motivated to feel connected to others within a social milieu (relatedness), to function effectively in that milieu (effectance), and to feel a sense of personal initiative in doing so (autonomy)” (p. 7).

Hypothesised that intrinsic motivation, regulation and amotivation lie on high to low continuum of self-determination.
Self-determination is associated with enhanced psychological functioning (Ryan, Deci & Grolnick, 1995).
Consequences are decreasingly positive from intrinsic motivation to amotivation.

Question 10

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
What are the 3 forms of motivation?

Answer 10

Intrinsic — an internal personal desire to find success independent of external rewards and enticements.
Extrinsic — an external desire to gain notoriety, fame, or financial rewards.
Amotivation — absence of motivation.

Question 11

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 11

For enjoyment, pleasure, and fun; no discernible reinforcement or reward

Question 12

What is integrated regulation?

Answer 12

Behaviours that are fully incorporated into the repertoire of behaviours that satisfy psychological needs

Do not dislike the activity

Question 13

What is identified regulation?

Answer 13

For personally held values such as learning new skills; internally referenced contingency

May dislike activity

Question 14

What is introjected regulation?

Answer 14

For avoiding external sources of disapproval, or gaining externally referenced approval

Question 15

What is external regulation?

Answer 15

For external reinforcement such as gaining rewards or avoiding punishment

Question 16

What is amotivation?

Answer 16

Lack of intentionality and personal causation

Question 17

What is Attribution Theory? (Cox, 1998)

Answer 17

“A complex theory in which perceived attributions are viewed as greatly influencing a person’s actions, feelings, confidence, and motivation.”

Stability — whether an individual attributes success or failure to a stable (permanent) or unstable factor.
Locus of control — whether an individual feels in control of what happens to them.
Locus of causality — whether success or failure is attributed to an Internal or external factor of the individual.

Question 18

What are the emotional consequences of attribution theory?

Answer 18

Attributions that athletes make for success and failure are closely linked with their emotions.

Should be able to predict:
An athlete’s attributions from their emotional response.
How an athlete is feeling as a result of the attributions they make.

Question 19

What are Achievement Goal Frameworks?

Answer 19

How an athlete determines competence is judged

Mastery vs Performance goal perspectives
Approach vs Avoidance

Question 20

What are mastery or performance goal perspectives?

Answer 20

Mastery
- gain skill or knowledge
- perform at one’s best
- personal improvement

Performance
- adequacy of ability
- demonstration of superior competence to others
- social comparisons

Question 21

How do goals help?

Answer 21

Goals direct attention to important elements of the skill being performed.
Goals mobilize performer efforts.
Goals prolong performer persistence.
Goals foster the development of new learning strategies.
(Locke & Latham, 2002)

Question 22

What are smart goals?

Answer 22

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound

Question 23

What are the 3 types of goals?

Answer 23

Process - focuses on the specifics of a procedure in which the performer will engage during performance

Performance - focuses on improvements relative to one’s own performance

Outcome - focuses on the results or some form of standards in reference to somebody else

Question 24

What are the 3 different time frames for goals?

Answer 24

Short-term - 1-3 months
Mid-term - 3-6 months
Long-term - 6 months - 1 year

Question 25

What are the 3 stages of the goal-setting system?

Answer 25

Planning
Meeting
Evaluation

Question 26

What is performance profiling?

Answer 26

• a client-centred performance assessment strategy
• An direct application of Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
• Looks at key qualities from the perspective of the athlete
• Identifies strengths and areas for improvement

Athletes believed profiling could be useful for:
Raising self-awareness
Helping them decide what they want to work on
Motivating them to improve
Setting goals for themselves
Monitoring and evaluating their performance
Taking more responsibility for their development