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Dev Biology > Developmental Bio Vocab > Flashcards

Developmental Bio Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

development

A

process of progressive and continuous growth generating complex multicellular organisms from single cell

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2
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of specialized tissues and structures from the 3 germ layers

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3
Q

blastomere

A

cleavage stage cell resulting from mitosis in an early embryo

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4
Q

blastula

A

embryonic stage composed of blastomeres

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5
Q

blastocyst

A

mammalian blastula

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6
Q

blastocoel

A

cavity within a blastula

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7
Q

embryo

A

developing organism prior to birth/hatching in humans, early stages of development (fertilization- 8 weeks)

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8
Q

embryogenesis

A

stages of development between fertilization and birth

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9
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of 3 germ layers through movement of blastomeres

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10
Q

morphogenesis

A

creation of ordered form, involves coordinating cell growth, cell migration, and cell death

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11
Q

zygote

A

diploid egg cell that has been fertilized

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12
Q

indeterminate growth

A

growth that does not stop, common in plants

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13
Q

oviparity

A

young hatch from eggs (birds, amphibians, and most invertebrates)

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14
Q

viviparity

A

young are nourished and born from mother’s body (placental mammals)

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15
Q

ovoviviparity

A

young hatch from eggs help within mother’s body where they continue to develop for some time (sharks and some reptiles)

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16
Q

pronuclei

A

egg or sperm, haploid nuclei, form the diploid nucleus of zygote when together

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17
Q

larval/maturity stage

A

metamorphosis and growth, develop until sexual maturity

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18
Q

gametogenesis

A

formation of gametes

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19
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

yolk is distributed throughout, entire cell is divided into successively smaller cells

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20
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

yolk is the dense and only the portion of the egg destined to be the embryo divides

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21
Q

vegetal pole

A

yolk rich area of embryo

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22
Q

animal pole

A

side of cell with less yolk

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23
Q

cell movements during gastrulation

A

invagination, involution, ingression, delamination, and epiboly

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24
Q

invagination

A

infolding of a sheet (epithelium) of cells, like pushing in a rubberband that is laying on a table

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25
Q

involution

A

inward movement of an expanding outer layer so that it spreads over the internal surface of the remaining external cells

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26
Q

ingression

A

migration of individual cells from the surface into the embryo’s interior. Individual cells become mesenchymal and migrate independently

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27
Q

delamination

A

splitting of one cellular sheet into two parallel sheets resulting in the formation of a new sheet of cells

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28
Q

epiboly

A

outer surface spreading over inner surface

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29
Q

Differentiation

A

Diversification/specialization of cell type

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30
Q

Cleavage

A

Formation of blastomeres from mitosis in early embryo

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31
Q

Fertilization

A

Joining of haploid gametes to create a new diploid organism

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32
Q

Dorsal blastopore lip

A

ring formed that opens for movement of endoderm and mesoderm cells through it. ectoderm cells encapsulate the embryo

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33
Q

dorsal

A

view along the back of the embryo

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34
Q

ventral

A

view from the eventual stomach, front of organism

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35
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer; will eventually give rise to cells of the skin (epidermis), and brain (CNS)

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36
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer; will eventually give rise to the blood, heart, kidney, gonads, bones, muscles, and connective tissues

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37
Q

endoderm

A

inner most germ layer; produces stomach cells, thyroid cells, and lung cells

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38
Q

notochord

A

rod of cells along the dorsal side of an embryo that release bioregulators directing cells to become the nervous system; instructs cells to become neural plate, which will fold to become the neural tube

39
Q

neural tube

A

embryonic precursor to the CNS

40
Q

fate mapping

A

technique that marks embryos with a dye so the development of different tissues can be observed visually

41
Q

in situ hybridization

A

a technique that observes where and when genes are expressed by probing genes of an embryo

42
Q

transgenics/mutagenics

A

changing the genome of an organism and observing the results

43
Q

loss of function experiment

A

determines if a gene is necessary for a structure to form or for a specific outcome (gene is necessary)

44
Q

gain of function experiment

A

demonstrates that simply having a gene, even if it is in the wrong place, will result in the same outcome as if it were not altered (gene is sufficient)

45
Q

anterior

A

near the head/front of an organism

46
Q

posterior

A

near the tail/end of an organism

47
Q

differential adhesion

A

cells of the same type will stick to each other more than to others, leading to the organization of cells by type

48
Q

juxtacrine signaling

A

cell to cell communication through direct contact of cell receptors

49
Q

paracrine signaling

A

cell communication across distances through the secretion of signaling proteins (ligands) into the extracellular matrix

50
Q

autocrine signaling

A

cell secreting signals will also receive them, self-instructing signals

51
Q

ligands

A

signaling proteins released by cells that will then bond to receptors on the target cell and result in an affect

52
Q

cadherins (calcium dependent adhesion molecule)

A

cell adhesion molecules (CAM) that are critical for establishing and maintaining intercellular connections. amount of cadherins drives the sorting of cells.

53
Q

Specification

A

1st stage of commitment of cell or tissue fate when cell can differentiate itself given the right environment

54
Q

Specified

A

Stage during development when cell is capable of differentiating into specific type but can still be differentiated into a different cell

55
Q

Determined

A

Stage where cells are on an irreversible path to differentiate regardless of the environment and cues

56
Q

Determination

A

Stage of commitment after specification, irreversible, cell will become specific type regardless of environment

57
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants

A

Factors inherited from egg that determine cell fate; often transcription factors that regulate gene expression

58
Q

Transcription factor

A

proteins involved in the process of transcribing DNA into RNA, initiating and regulating the transcription of genes by binding to DNA with precise sequence recognition for specific promoters, enhancers, or silencers

59
Q

Commitment

A

Stage in which cell’s developmental fate is restricted but it is not yet showing obvious change/differentiation

60
Q

Conditional specification

A

cell identity is dependent on interactions with cells, either through contact (juxtacrine), signaling molecules (paracrine), and/or mechanical

61
Q

Autonomous specification

A

Cell has inherent transcriptional regulation to direct a specific fate, either cytoplasmic determinants or pre-determined

62
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells capable of becoming many different types, stem cells

63
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells that can become any cell, certain stem cells

64
Q

Syncytial specification

A

Specification of many nuclei within one cell

65
Q

Syncytium

A

Cell in which there are many nuclei within the same cytoplasm

66
Q

Levels of commitment

A

Autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification

67
Q

Differential gene expression

A

Process by which cells become different through the genes they express (active genes)

68
Q

Transcription

A

Copying DNA into RNA, making pre-mRNA (1st level of regulation)

69
Q

Translation

A

mRNA into polypeptide chain (3rd level of regulation)

70
Q

What are the levels of regulation of gene expression?

A

Transcription (which genes are transcribed), pre-mRNA processing (regulate which mRNA are allowed to enter cytoplasm), translation, and post-transcriptional protein modifications (keeping or degrading proteins based on need)

71
Q

3 postulates of gene expression

A

Every somatic cell contains the same complete genome from the fertilized egg, unused genes are not destroyed or mutated, and only a small part of the genome is expressed in each cell

72
Q

Promoter

A

Region of a gene containing the DNA sequence that RNA polymerase 2 binds to to initiate transcription

73
Q

Intron

A

Non-protein coding regions of DNA

74
Q

Exon

A

Regions of DNA that code for proteins

75
Q

Enhancer

A

DNA sequence that controls rate and efficiency of transcription from a specific promoter; bind specific transcription factors that activate the gene

76
Q

5’ UTR

A

5 prime untranslated region, space before start codon of translation

77
Q

Silencer

A

DNA regulatory element that binds transcription factors that actively repress the transcription of a specific gene

78
Q

Cis-regulatory elements

A

Regulatory elements that are on the same stretch of DNA as the gene they regulate

79
Q

Combinatorial control

A

Enhancers contain regions of DNA that bind transcription factors, and this combination activates the gene

80
Q

Integrins

A

cell adhesion receptors that bind cells to the fibronectin (protein of the extracellular matrix)

81
Q

examples of adhesive proteins

A

Integrins and cadherins

82
Q

homophilic binding

A

binding between two receptors of the same type, stronger than heterophilic (usually cadherins to cadherins)

83
Q

where do cadherins link?

A

cytoskeleton

84
Q

what is the main function of the hippo pathway?

A

prevents excess organ growth by limiting cell proliferation, apoptosis and stem cell self-renewal

85
Q

heterophilic binding

A

binding of different types of adhesion receptors, weaker than homophilic binding but keep the structure as it needs to be

86
Q

epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A

process in which polar epithelial cells (in a sheet) lose polarity and cell-cell junctions/adhesions and migrate individually to a new destination. informed by signal to change gene expression and become mesenchymal

87
Q

role of ECM in cell signaling

A

proteins of the ECM like fibronectin and laminin create barriers between tissue types. Integrins, which connect to these proteins, can regulate gene expression, which is critical for the regulation of growth

88
Q

competence

A

whether or not a cell can receive and react to a message from another cell, meaning it has the right receptors and abilities

89
Q

inducer

A

signaling tissue

90
Q

responder

A

competent reciever of signal

91
Q

Induction

A

process by which a cell sends a signal and a competent receiver gets the message and reacts, can occur many times (layered)

92
Q

instructive interaction

A

signalling from the inducing cell is necessary for initiating the new gene expression in the responding cell

93
Q

permissive interaction

A

the responding tissue contains all the potentials needed for the genes to be expressed and only needs an environment that allows for the expression of the traits

Dev Biology (5 decks)

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