Chapter 3

Question 1

Levers

Answer 1

A rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation

Question 2

1st Class Lever

Answer 2

Axis is between force and resistance (F-A-R)
**Designed for balanced movements
Ex: Triceps in overhead elbow extension

Question 3

2nd Class Lever

Answer 3

Resistance is between axis and force (A-R-F)
MAF>MRF
**Designed to produce force movements
Ex: Wheelbarrow

Question 4

3rd Class Lever

Answer 4

Force is between axis and resistance (A-F-R)
MAF<MRF
**Designed to produce speed/range of motion
–Most levers in body are this class
Ex: Catapult
Ex: Biceps in bicep curl

Question 5

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

Answer 5

MA= MAF/MRF

MA=1 lever alters movement direction but does nothing to magnify either effort or resistance

MA>1 torque is magnified by effort force
MA<1 much greater force required to overcome resistance most skeletal muscles operate here

Question 6

Muscle Cross-Sectional Area

Answer 6

Force is related to cross-sectional area, not volume.

Greater cross-section = greater force produced

Question 7

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Answer 7

Pennate muscles have fibers that align obliquely with tendons – similar to a feather

Unipennate: Tibialis Anterior
Bipennate: Rectus Femoris
Multipennate: Deltoid

Question 8

Muscle Length

Answer 8

Resting muscle will be able to generate most amount of force when compared to a contracted or stretched muscle.

Question 9

Body Size

Answer 9

Pound for pound
150 lb girl lifting 150 lb is stronger than a 250 lb girl lifting 150 lb.

Relative strength

Question 10

Anthropometry

Answer 10

Science of measurement of man

Question 11

Bone Density

Answer 11

1.8

Question 12

Muscle Density

Answer 12

1.1

Question 13

Fat Density

Answer 13

.9

Question 14

Ponderal Index=

Answer 14

(height inches) ÷ (weight lbs)1/3

Question 15

Density=

Answer 15

0.69 + 0.0297*(ponderal index)

Question 16

Ectomorph

Answer 16

Tall, skinny, long distance

Ex: Marathon Runners

Question 17

Mesomorph

Answer 17

Normal body type
Average
Ex: Swimmers

Question 18

Endomorphs

Answer 18

Large body build

Ex: Power Lifters

Question 19

Neuroanatomy

Answer 19

Where nerve tissue and nervous system components are in the body
Ex: axons, soma, dendrites

Question 20

Neurophysiology

Answer 20

What the nerve tissue and nervous system does in the body

Question 21

Neurobiology

Answer 21

What the nerve tissue and nervous system is made of

Question 22

Neurology

Answer 22

Study of and clinical/medical application of the nervous system and nerve tissue

Question 23

Functions of the Nervous System

Answer 23

1. Sensory Input
2. Integration (sensation –> response)
3. Control of muscles and glands
4. Homeostasis (stimulation, inhibition)
5. Mental Activity (consciousness, emotion)

Question 24

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 24

Made up of brain and spinal cord

Question 25

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 25

Made up of
A. Sensory Division: Afferent: carries sensory signals to CNS
B. Motor Division: Efferent: carries signals from CNS to muscles/glands

Question 26

Sensory Division

Answer 26

Visceral: Deep inside the body (organs, glands)
Somatic: Close to or on the surface of the body (skin, muscle, bones, joints)

Question 27

Motor Division

Answer 27

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

Carries signals to heart, muscles, glands