Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MT > Hema > Flashcards

Hema Flashcards

1
Q

is the process of blood cell production, including renewal, proliferation,
differentiation, and maturation

A

Hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

it is a continuous and ________ process that results in the formation, development, and
specialization of all functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow.

A

regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

this stem cell is capable of both ______ and ________ into the
different cell lineages

A

self-renewal

directed differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hematopoiesis in humans is characterized by ______ distribution of embryonic stem cells in specific sites that are
rapidly changing during the course of development.

A

selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In healthy adults, hematopoiesis is primarily confined to the _______

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

During fetal development, blood cell development begins in the (1)_______, that later progresses to the ____ region (mesoblastic phase); (2) transfers to the_____ (hepatic phase); and (3) terminally,
resides in the_______ (medullary phase).

A
  1. yolk sac
    Region: Aorta Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM)
  2. fetal liver
  3. bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mesoblastic Phase:

- Starts at the _____ day after fertilization

A

19th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Erythroblasts (immature red blood cells) come from _______________ ; remaining cells
surrounding the cavity develop into angioblasts and later on form the blood vessels

A

mesodermal cells lining the yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_______erythroblasts never lose their

nucleus.

A

primitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

These erythroblasts are found in ‘blood islands’ surrounding a macrophage called ______ cell.

A

Nurse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Primitive erythroblasts start to produce the following hemoglobins:_______ , _______, and _________
A

Portland hemoglobin, Gower 1 hemoglobin,

and Gower 2 hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Begins at around 4-5 weeks after fertilization; Peaks at third month of development

A

Hepatic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • The liver becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis
  • Characterized by recognizable clusters of myeloid cells.
  • Lymphoid cells begin to appear
A

Hepatic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sites of secondary hematopoiesis: Thymus begins to produce_____; Spleen and kidneys produce____
With detectable levels of HbF (fetal hemoglobin), HbA / HbA
(major adult hemoglobin), and HbA
(minor adult
hemoglobin)

A

T cells

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Activity remains until 1-2 weeks after birth

A

hepatic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Starts at the 5th month of development; cells of various stages of maturation in all lineages are seen

  • Mesenchymal cells transfer to the skeletal tissues and develop into HSCs
A

Medullary Phase/myeloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Medullary phase :

Myeloid to erythroid (M:E) ratio reaches _____ (adult M:E ratio) at the ______

A

3:1

21st week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bone marrow becomes the major site of__________.

A

hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Medurally phase:
Shortly after birth, the BM remains as the only_____
capable of blood cell production.

A

tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Medullary phase:
When the BM is in distress or is not functioning properly, secondary
hematopoietic organs such as the____ and _____ revert to their hematopoietic function (extramedullary
hematopoiesis)

A

liver

spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Medullary phase:

Erythropoietin,______, and ______ (Growth Factors) reach detectable levels

Hemoglobins produced are HbA / HbA1, HbF, and HbA2
(minor adult hemoglobin)

A

G-CSF and GM-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

Yolk sac

A

prenatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

Bone marrow

A

pre natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

liver

A

prenatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

spleen

A

pre natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

tibial

A

post natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

sternum

A

post natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

vertebral and pelvis

A

post natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

ribs

A

post natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

lymph nodes

A

Post natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:

femur

A

post natal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

1. _______– primary site of hematopoiesis in an adult

A

Bone Marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

2. _______– major site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period

A

Liver

34
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

3.______ – secondary site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period

A

Spleen

35
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

4. _________– secondary lymphoid organ; involved in the maturation of T cells

A

Thymus

36
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
5._______ – secondary lymphoid organ; involved in production of lymphocytes, filtration and removal of old and
damaged cells

A

Lymph Nodes

37
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
6._______ – in humans, the Bursa-equivalent organ is the bone marrow. In the Fabricius bird, the bursa is
the site of maturation of B cells.

A

Bursa equivalent organ

38
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

7. ________Phagocyte System

A

Mononuclear

39
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

8.______ – produce erythropoietin

A

Kidneys

40
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

9. ________– produces intrinsic factor

A

Stomach

41
Q

Organs involved in hematopoiesis:

10.________– site of primitive erythropoiesis

A

Yolk sac

42
Q

Adult Hematopoietic Tissue:

  • _________ is the major site of hematopoiesis
  • Lymphoid development occurs in primary and secondary lymphoid organs:
A

Bone Marrow

43
Q

o____________ Organs: sites of maturation of lymphocytes - Bone Marrow and Thymus

A

Primary Lymphoid

44
Q 
o\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Organs: sites of activation of lymphocytes - Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Mucosa-associated 
lymphoid tissue (MALT), Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
A

Secondary lymphoid

45
Q

composed of red marrow and yellow marrow;

A

bone marrow

46
Q

________ is the hematopoietic tissue

and the________ is composed of adipose

A

red marrow

yellow marrow

47
Q
  • In adults, red marrow is located in the_______, skull, vertebrae,_______, ribs, pelvic
    bones, and_______ ends of long bones
A

sternum

scapulae

proximal

48
Q 
Ratio of red marrow to yellow marrow in the developing individual:
Before birth:\_\_\_\_\_\_  Red Marrow  
At birth:  90:10
At 19-20 y/o:  \_\_\_\_\_\_
In adulthood: 50:50  
At 65 y/o: \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

100%

60: 40
40: 60

49
Q

Yellow marrow can revert to red marrow when there is increased demand for hematopoiesis, such as in______ and_____

A

acute
blood loss

hemolysis

50
Q

Thee bone marrow is the site of production and maturation of______– erythrocytes,_____,
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

A

myeloid cells

megakaryocytes

51
Q

The bone marrow produces the_____. The____ mature in the bone marrow. The T cells, however, mature
in the_____. The lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid organs.

A

lymphocytes

B cells

Thymus

52
Q

Plays a significant role in hematopoiesis during fetal life (hepatic phase)

  • Responsible for synthesis of most proteins and vitamins that play a role in regulating hemostasis
  • Responsible for conjugating bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown
  • Responsible for detoxification of blood
  • Site of protein synthesis and degradation
A

Liver

53
Q

________ cells lining the canaliculi remove senescent and damaged red blood cells from circulation as they pass
through the liver

A

Kupffer

54
Q

Largest lymphoid organ in the body; secondary site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase

A

Spleen

55
Q

Functions of the spleen:

1.____: removal of senescent (old) red blood cells from blood circulation by phagocytosis

A

Culling

56
Q

Functions of the spleen:

2._______: removal of inclusion bodies from the surface of red blood cells

A

Pitting

57
Q

_________ bodies – accumulated iron;

A

Pappenheimer

58
Q

_________ bodies – DNA remnants;

A

Howell-jolly

59
Q

_______ bodies – globin remnants

A

Heinz

60
Q

Functions of the spleen:

3._______– it is a secondary lymphoid organ, serving as a site of activation of lymphocytes (B and T cells)

A

Immune defense

61
Q

Functions of the spleen:

4. Storage of_______ – the spleen sequesters 1/3 of platelets produced to serve as reservoir

A

platelets

62
Q

primary lymphoid organ; secondary site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase
- Site of maturation of T cells

A

Thymus

63
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ

  • Site of activation of lymphocytes
  • Filters debris, particulate matter, and bacteria from the lymph
  • Serves as site of proliferation of lymphocytes
A

Lymph nodes

64
Q

__________ system – composed of the monocytes and macrophages

A

Mononuclear phagocyte

65
Q

Functions:
1. ________– removal of debris, particulate matter, and foreign cells from the blood (monocytes) and tissues
(macrophages)

A

Phagocytosis

66
Q

Functions:
2. ___________ – Antigens from digested foreign cells (bacteria) are presented to T cells for activation of the
adaptive immune system

A

Antigen Presentation

67
Q

Functions:

3. _______ (substances that promote mitosis) secretion

A

Mitogen

68
Q

Functions:
4. Secretion of_______ (substances that influence the maturation and differentiation of blood
cells)

A

hematopoietic growth factors

69
Q

responsible for production of erythropoietin (growth factor that drives maturation of RBC precursors) in response to hypoxia.

A

Kidneys

70
Q

acts on erythroblasts in the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and maturation, for
eventual release into the circulation

A

Erythropoietin

71
Q

produces intrinsic factor. Intrinsic Factor is necessary for absorption of Vit. B12 in the intestines. Deficiency of IF
leads to deficiency in Vit. B12 and would lead to pernicious anemia (a type of Megaloblastic anemia)

A

Stomach

72
Q

Stem cells are characterized by its ability for/to:
1.______;
2.give rise to differentiated____ (ie. a hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into a common myeloid stem cell or
common lymphoid stem cell to later on give rise to mature and functional blood cells);
3._____ the hematopoietic system in a lethally irradiated individual

A
  1. self-renewal
  2. progeny
  3. reconstitute
73
Q

Normal cell development depends the interaction of:

  1. _______ stem cell
  2. Microenvironment
  3. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
A

Pluripotent

74
Q

A_______ hematopoietic stem cell can be stimulated to undergo one of three possible fates: self-renewal,
differentiation, or apoptosis.

A

pluripotent

75
Q

The common myeloid stem cell may differentiate into committed (lineage-specific) precursor cells such as a________ to eventually give rise to mature erythrocytes or_________ to give rise to
platelets.

A

Proerythroblast

Megakaryoblast

76
Q

________ and Growth Factors: a group of glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of
hematopoietic precursor cells.

A

Cytokines

77
Q

Cytokines can either promote or________, differentiation, and maturation of
blood cells. Cytokines may also inhibit_____ (programmed cell death), allowing cells to proliferate. Cytokines may be
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF), early-acting multilineage growth factors or_________ .

A

inhibit proliferation

apoptosis

interleukins

78
Q

pan myeloid growth factor

A

GM -CSF

79
Q

stimulates granulocyte production and functional activation

A

G-CSF

80
Q

stimulates monocytes and macrophages production and activity

A

M-CSF

81
Q

stimulates proliferation, growth and differentiation

target cells : pronormoblasts and CFU -erythroid cell

( SOURCE: KIDNEY)

A

Erythroprotein ( EPO)

82
Q

regulates production of plaletes

A

Thrombopoietin

MT (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions