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PHYL 141 > L2 & CHP 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

L2 & CHP 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Homestasis.

A

The bodies tendency to balance and maintains its conditions

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2
Q

What a bodies “Setpoint”?

A

physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

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3
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point

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4
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition rather than reversing it

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5
Q

What is an element?

A

pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components

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6
Q

What is a compound?

A

substances composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds

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7
Q

What is atomic #?

A

of protons in the nucleus

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8
Q

What is the mass #?

A

sum of the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

a different form of an element, distinguished by different # of neutrons

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10
Q

What is a heavy isotope?

A

an isotope that contains more than the usual # of neutrons

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11
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

isotope whos nucleus readily decays

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12
Q

What is the behavior of electrons?

A

constantly reacting w/ other atoms to form or break down complex substances

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13
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

an atoms outermost electron shell

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14
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

an atom will give, gain, or share electrons w/ another atom so it ends up w/ 8 electrons in valence shell

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15
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

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16
Q

What is a molecule?

A

more or less stable grouping of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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17
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

between cations and anions

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18
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

strong bonds that share electrons

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19
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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20
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

weak partial + and - attraction

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21
Q

About what percentage are cells made of H2O

A

~70%

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22
Q

About what percentage is the human body made of H2O?

A

~50-60%

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23
Q

What does the prefix “hydro” mean?

A

Water

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24
Q

What does the suffix “-philic” mean?

A

Liking/loving/prefered

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25
Q

What does the suffix “-phobic” mean?

A

fear; repulsion; avoiding

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26
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Water loving / dissolvable in water

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27
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

water fearing / does not easily dissolve in water

28
Q

Define Polarity

A

electrical “charge” in chemicals

29
Q

Chemicals w/ high polarity tend to be ______.

A

hydrophilic

30
Q

Chemicals w/ little-no polarity tend to be ________.

A

hydrophobic

31
Q

What is a solvent?

A

substances used to dissolve other chemicals

32
Q

What is a solute?

A

What is being dissolved in the solvent

33
Q

What is the primary solvent of the human body?

A

H2O

34
Q

Define pH

A

a scale used to measure proton concentration

35
Q

How is pH determined?

A

Involves logarithims

36
Q

What is the log of pH?

A

pH= -loh,10 [H+]

37
Q

What is an acid?

A

Substances that dissolves in H2O and dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions

38
Q

What is a base?

A

substance that removes hydrogen ions

39
Q

What is a basic (alkaline) solution?

A

solution w/ pH of 8-14

40
Q

What is a neutral solution?

A

pH of 7

41
Q

What is an acidic solution?

A

pH of 0-6

42
Q

What is a reactant?

A

reactants—the elements involved and the number of atoms of each—

43
Q

What is a product?

A

one ore more substances produced by a chemical reaction

44
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions occurring in your body

45
Q

What are the different types of chemical reactions?

A

decomposition reaction / catabolism
synthesis react / anabolism
exchange reaction
reversible reaction

46
Q

What does a synthesis reaction / anabolism involve?

A

results in synthesis/joining or components that were formerly seperated
A + B —> AB

47
Q

What is a decomposition reaction / catabolism?

A

breaks down or “decomposes” something larger into its smaller parts
AB —-> A + B

48
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

both synthesis and decomposition occur
A+BC —> AB + C
or
AB + CD —> AC + BD

49
Q

What is a reversible reaction?

A

a reaction that goes in either direction depending on conditions
A + B <—-> AB

50
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

building reactions that consume energy

51
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

break materials down and release energy

52
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts

53
Q

What are catalysts? What do catalysts do?

A

substance that increases the rate of chemical change w/o itself undergoing change

  • “help” chemical reactions
54
Q

Most enzymes are ______.

A

proteins

55
Q

What are biological macromules?

A

carbs
lipids (fats)
proteins
nucleic acids

56
Q

What is a mono saccharide?

A

mono - 1
ex: glucose, fructose

57
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

“di” - two
ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose

58
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

poly - many
ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose

59
Q

What is a polymer?

A

substance containing very large molecules called macromules

60
Q

What is a lipid? Are lipids mainly hydrophobid or philic?

A

compounds made of hydrocarbons
Lipids are hydrophobic

61
Q

What is an example of a lipid?

A

fat, oil, wax

62
Q

What are fatty acids? Are they mostly hydrophobic or philic?

A

long chains of hydrogen and carbon ending w/ a carbodyl group

mostly hydrophobic

63
Q

What is a glyceride?

A

fat storage molecules made from glycerol reacting w/ fatty acids

64
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

lipid found in blood

65
Q

What does amipathic mean?

A

having both philic and phobic properties

PHYL 141 (10 decks)

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