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Developmental Biology > (1) The Making of a Body and a Field: Part 1 > Flashcards

(1) The Making of a Body and a Field: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

single fertilized egg

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2
Q

blastocyst

A

a ball of identical cells (same shape as enbryo bc cells aren’t growing, just dividing)

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3
Q

what is developmental biology

A

the gradual process of change within cells and tissues of the body; it is directed by intrinsic and extrinsic factors; a process taking us from genotype to phenotype

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4
Q

what are six stages of development?

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. gastrulation
  4. organogenesis
  5. metamorphosis
  6. gametogenesis
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5
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of haploid gametes (sperm and egg); results in a diploid zygote with unique genome

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6
Q

cleavage

A

period of rapid mitotic cell division to produce multicellular blastula; cells of blastula are blastomeres

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7
Q

gastrulation

A

period of cellular rearrangement to produce specialized tissues and organs

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8
Q

metamorphosis

A

major alteration of body plan in a new hatchling or newborn that transforms a sexually immature larval form to a sexually mature adult (ex: tadpoles to frogs)

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9
Q

gametogenesis

A

formation of haploid gametes by meiosis

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10
Q

what is polarization when it comes to eggs

A

one side is different from the other

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11
Q

animal pole

A

animal cap (brown; the white part is the nucleus); the majority of the frog

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12
Q

vegetal pole

A

provides nutrients

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13
Q

fertilization in Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)

A

fertilization is external; mating is amplexus

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14
Q

what does fertilization accomplish (3 things)

A
  1. joins haploid sperm and egg
  2. activates biochemical events in fertilized egg (ACTIVATION); allows the development of the embryo
  3. cause rearrangements of cytoplasmic structures and contents in fertilized egg (set up axes of future organism)
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15
Q

3 body axes of bilaterians

A
  1. ant/post
  2. dors/vent
  3. left/right
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16
Q

cleavage in Xenopus laevis (frog)

A
  1. mitosis is very rapid so there is no growth between divisions; the embryo becomes multicellular but doesn’t grow bigger2
  2. biphasic (M & S); no G1 or G2
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17
Q

Gastrulation in Xenopus Laevis

A
  1. cells on the surface involute (tuck into center)
  2. create a dimple, called a blastopore
  3. blastopore is initiated at a stop that denotes future dorsal side, so upper ridge of tissue is called dorsal blastopore lip
  4. blastopore becomes deeper, but also extends laterally and ventrally
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18
Q

Organogenesis in Xenopus Laevis: Neurulation

A
  1. Neurulation is the formation of nervous system
  2. forms on outside from ectoderm along dorsal midline
  3. deepends to form a neural groove
  4. circularizes to form a neural tube and is covered over by surface ectoderm
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19
Q

3 primary germ layers

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm

present in embryos of all triploblastic animals; everything but sponges and comb jellies

20
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer; skin/nervous system

21
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer; notochord, somites (vertebrae, muscle, dermis of skin), many internal organs

22
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer; lining of digestive tract

23
Q

archenteron

A

primitive gut

24
Q

pre-hatching in Xenopus Laevis

A

embryo is curled and still enclosed in a transparent membrane called vitelline layer

25
Q

post-hatching oin Xenopus laevis

A

embryo breaks free of the vitelline layer and is a free-swimming tailbud-stage larva, which must eat

26
Q

Metamorphosis in Rana Pipiens

A

fully aquatic to terrestrial (added forelimbs, hindlimbs, smaller tail, lungs)

27
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  1. is completed in adults
  2. required for continuation of species
  3. diploid precurose cells undergo meuosis to produce haploid sperm in males and haploid egg in females
  4. completed in time for next mating season (spring)
28
Q

generalities about cleavage

A
  1. rapid mitosis cell division without growth in between
  2. cell cycle is biphasic (only M & S)
  3. embryo grows no larger, just becomes multicellular with progressively smaller cells
29
Q

mid-blastula transition (still in blastula phase)

A
  1. rate of mitotic cleavage slows
  2. cell cycle lengthens to include G1 and G2 (cell now actually grows)
  3. progression through diff. phases reguated by diff. conbos of cdk’s and their associated cyclins
  4. cdk’s and cyclins that function after mid-blastula transition are synthesized from genome (not from stores mRNAs or original egg cytoplasm)
30
Q

cleavage patterns

A

dependent upon the amount and distribution of yolk
holoblastic (isolecithal, mesolecithal); meroblastic (teloecthial, centrolecithal)
dependent upon angle of mitotic spindle and timing of its formation (x,y,z axis)

31
Q

holoblastic

A

the entire yolk is cleaved

32
Q

meroblastic

A

the yolk isn’t entirely cleaved bc of DENSE yolk

33
Q

isolecithal

A

sparse yolk, evenly distributed
humans

34
Q

mesolecithal

A

moderate yolk, deposited at vegetal pole

35
Q

telocithal

A

dense yolk throughout most of egg
chickens

36
Q

centrolecithal

A

dense yolk, centrally located
most insects

37
Q

influence of yolk

A
  1. dense yolk impedes cleavage
  2. cleavage of entire egg proceeds unimpeded in isolecithal egg
  3. cleavage of the vegetal pole in mesolecithal eggs (amphibians) occurs at a slower rate
  4. cleavage of the vegetal pole does not occur at all in telolecithal eggs (chick)
  5. superficial cleavage occurs in centrolecithal eggs (insects)
38
Q

cleavage pattern of sea urchin and starfish (echinoderms)

A

radial but isolecithal

39
Q

cleavage pattern of mammals

A

rotational but isolecithal

40
Q

cleavage pattern of amphibians

A

displaced radial cleavage but mesolecithal

41
Q

cleavage pattern of birds/chick

A

discoidal cleavage but telolecithal

42
Q

cleavage pattern of insects/drosophila

A

superficial cleavage but centrolecithal

43
Q

2 major cell types in early embryos

A

epithelial and mesenchymal

44
Q

epithelial cells in early embryo

A
  1. tightly packed into sheets
  2. cells are connected to each other via tight junctions
  3. serve as a barrier function
  4. ex: skin
45
Q

mesenchymal cells in early embryo

A
  1. cells are not connected to each other; allows them to move
  2. not tightly packed
  3. migratory
  4. ex: microglia, macrophages
46
Q

surprising early discoveries from anatomical studies

A
  1. cells move around in embryo- sometimes great distances
  2. cells grow
  3. cells change shape
  4. cell divisions differ in number and in plane of orientation
  5. certain large subsets of cels selectively die (apoptosis)
  6. cells differ in membrane components and in secreted products
47
Q

types of cell movement during gastrulation

A
  1. invagination
  2. involution
  3. ingression
  4. delamination
  5. epiboly

Developmental Biology (5 decks)

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