WORLD HISTORY: 1350-1871

Question 1

Origins of the Renaissance
- dates
- what the era saw
- started where and w/ who
- what caused this time
- the spread

Answer 1

a. defined as “rebirth” - 14th-17th c.

b. rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman philosophy, literature, and art. is credited w/ bridging the gap between the Middle Ages and modern-day civilization
- humanism

c. started in Florence, Italy w/ the Medici family

d. the Crusades, the fall of the Byzantine Empire, and the Black death played a role in developing this period.

e. the movement first expanded to other Italian city-states, then during the 15th c., Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to France and then western and northern EU

Question 2

significant individuals of the EU Renaissance (pt. 1)

Answer 2

a. Leonardo da Vinci: italian painter, architect, inventor- painted the mona lisa and the last supper
b. Desiderius Eramus: scholar from Holland- defined the humanist movement in northern EU and translator of the New Testament into Greek
c. Rene Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician - the father of modern philosophy “I think therefor I am”
d. Galileo: Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer. described the moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn - placed under house arrest for his views of heliocentric universe
e. Nicolaus Copernicus: mathematician and astronomer who made first modern scientific argument for the concept of a heliocentric solar system
f. Thomas Hobbes: english philosopher and author of “Leviathan”
g. Geoffrey Chaucer: english poet and author of the “Canterbury Tales”
h. Dante: Italian philosopher, poet, writer, and political thinker

Question 3

significant individuals of the EU Renaissance (pt. 2)

Answer 3

a. Niccolo Machiavelli: Italian diplomat and philosopher famous for writing “The Prince”
b. Titian: Italian painter celebrated for his portraits and religious and mythical paintings (i.e. Metamorphoses)
c. John Milton: English poet and historian who wrote the epic poem “Paradise Lost”
d. William Shakespeare: England’s national poet and the most famous playwright
e. Donatello: Italian sculptor celebrated for lifelike sculptures
f. Sandro Botticelli: Italian painter of “Birth of Venus”
g. Raphael: Italian painter who learned from Da Vinci and Michelangelo - painting “The School of Athens”
h. Michelangelo: Italian sculptor, painter and architect- painted the Sistine Chapel in Rome

Question 4

5 major developments of the Renaissance

Answer 4

a. includes developments in:
- astronomy
- humanist philosophy
- the printing press
- vernacular language in writing, painting, and sculpture technique
- world exploration

Question 5

origins of the Protestant Reformation:
- when, where, and who
- the indulgence system
- learning from the bible

Answer 5

a. a religious reform movement in EU
b. began in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther (a teacher and a monk) challenged the Catholic Church’s practices
- published “95 Theses”
c. he expressed his ideas on the indulgence system: people could purchase a certificate of pardon for the punishment for their sins (ticket to heaven) → others to share their thoughts on Catholicism
d. the printing press and translation of the bible into the vernacular language → learning directly from the Bible w/ out having to rely on a priest or the church

Question 6

the leading reformers of the Protestant Reformation
( Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII)

Answer 6

a. Martin Luther
b. John Calvin: the most important figure of the second generation of the reformation - a french protestant in Geneva who redefined Protestant doctrines
- founded Calvinism
c. Henry VIII: broke from the Catholic Church and replaced the Pope as the head of the Church in England

Question 7

response of the Catholic Church of Protestant reformers

Answer 7

a. the Counter-Reformation (1545): the Catholic church’s response to Luther’s and Calvin’s ideas

b. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) reformed the practices of the church
- clarified its teachings, corrected abuses, and attempted to win people back to Catholicism

c. the Protestant Union (1608) and the Catholic League (1609) were formed

Question 8

how were the French wars of religion initiated?

Answer 8

a. 1562-1598: a series of 8 conflicts between Protestants (Huguenots) and Catholics in France

b. 1562: Catherine de Medici issued the Edict of Saint-Germain, which gave the Huguenots right to worship as long as they did it outside of cities and stayed loyal to the king. but that angered many Catholics, and the first war began

Question 9

the French wars of religion

Answer 9

1. (1562-63): Duke Francois de Guise massacred a 100 protestants → war spread throughout the kingdom
2. (1567-68): the Edict of Longjumeau ended the war
3. (1568-70): Protestants moved into Spain, but the king of Spain said NO and helped the Catholics - the edict allowed freedom of worship anywhere for Protestants
4. (1572-73): St. Bartholomew’s Day: Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris - the Edict of Boulogne granted freedom of worship in only 3 towns
5. (1574-76): Protestants and moderate Catholics made an alliance known as the “Malcontents”
   - the Edict of Beaulieu allowed freedom of worship except in Paris
6. (1576-77)
7. (1579-80)
8. (1587-89): the War of the Three Henrys
   ☆Edict of Nantes: signed by Henry IV - ended the war, established Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted Protestants rights under the Catholics

Question 10

the Age of Exploration (or Age of Discovery): date, what started it (hint: the Ottoman Empire) and the first to voyage

Answer 10

a. 15th-17th c
b. when the Ottoman Empire took control of Constantinople, it blocked EU access to the area, severely limiting trade (the Silk Road)
- also blocked access to North Africa and the Red Sea, 2 very important trade routes to the East
c. the first journeys were conducted by the Portuguese
- Prince Henry the Navigator
d. eventually, other EU countries began conducting their own ventures- seeking new trade routes and claiming foreign lands

Question 11

Portuguese and their impacts during the Age of Exploration: purposes for exploration, Dias, Vasco De Gama, arriving in Asia, and Magellan

Answer 11

a. aimed at spreading Christianity and making Portugal rich w/ profits from gold, spices, and slaves
- Portugal’s largely responsible for the slave trade to the Americas
- made advanced ships known as caravels- shipping goods from Asia and Africa to EU
b. in 1487, Bartolomeu Dias, led the first successful sea voyage to the southern tip of Africa
c. 1498: Vasco de Gama voyaged across the Indian Ocean, reaching Calicut, India
- this opened the first water route to India from EU, paving the way for a new era of global trade and colonialism
- they established a Portuguese network of trading posts in eastern Africa and India, and using brutal force against local Muslim and Hindu populations
d. reached the Spice Islands (Indonesia) in 1512 and China in 1514
e. Fernando de Magalhes (Magellan) sought a western sea route to the Spice Islands (1512)
- he discovered the Strait of Magellan and became the first EU to cross the Pacific ocean
- landed in the PI where he was killed
- marked the end of Portuguese’s dominance of the sea

Question 12

voyages of Christopher Columbus and the Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 12

a. Columbus (a Genoese navigator) wanted to find the Indies by sailing west
- after being denied by the Portuguese king, Columbus sought support from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
b. 1492: Columbus set sail and reached the Bahamas and the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic)
c. the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the world in half between Spain and Portugal
d. Columbus’ journeys opened the door for Spanish conquest
- Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro decimated the Aztecs of Mexico, the Incas of Peru, and other indigenous peoples of the Americas

Question 13

impact EU exploration had on Native Americans

Answer 13

a. EU explorers brought deadly diseases such as smallpox, influenza, measles, chicken pox, etc.
- Natives had no immunity to this, as much as 90% of the population may have died

b. Natives started trading w/ the explorers→ natives becoming dependent of them for new goods which caused a lot of problems

c. one of the things of the new trade was slavery. before Africans, captured Indians were enslaved and purchased by settlers to work
- before 1700, the port city of Charleston shipped out many enslaved Natives to work in the Caribbean or sold in northern cities

Question 14

impact the Spanish had on Native Americans:
- concentrated where in the US?
- Christianity
- epidemics
- military post

Answer 14

a. concentrated their efforts in southwestern and southeastern US

b. Catholic missionaries wanted to convert the Natives to Christianity

c. various epidemics were brought

d. established a military post in San Augustin (Florida)
- was multicultural crossroads where Indigenous peoples traded w/ Spaniards and intermarriage between Spanish men and Indian women were common

Question 15

impact the French had on Natives:
- exploited who?
- the fur trade
- France’s competition

Answer 15

a. exploited existing inter-tribal alliances and rivalries to establish trade relationships w/ the Huron, Montagnais, and Algonquins

b. was interested in the fur trade
- French traders exchanged textiles, weapons, and metal goods for furs of various animals

c. 18th c.: the Dutch and English competed w/ the French for trade and territory, which gave locals continued economic, diplomatic, and military leverage

Question 16

impact the Dutch had on Natives
- focused trade in what states
- fur trade alliance

Answer 16

a. they focused on trade w/ Natives in present-day NY and NJ

b. established a fur trade alliance w/ the Iroquois confederacy (the most powerful Native American empire in the 17th c.)

c. Dutch weapons helped the Iroquois to defeat the Huron

Question 17

origins of the Scientific Revolution
- developments in?
- Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

Answer 17

a. period that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern pd.
- developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society abt nature

b. 1543. Nicholas Copernicus determined the universe was heliocentric: the sun was the center
- this sparked further discoveries

Question 18

major figures of the Scientific Revolution
- Brahe
- Kepler
- Galilei
- Bacon
- Descartes
-Newton

Answer 18

a. Copernicus

b. Tycho Brahe: a Dutch astronomer - made accurate observations of the stars and planets

c. Johannes Kepler: German astronomer and mathematician- known for his 3 laws of planetary motion
- the earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits

d. Galileo Galilei: defined the heliocentric theories of Copernicus and Kepler, discovered 4 moons of Jupiter and the rings of saturn, and died under house arrest for heresy

e. Francis Bacon: English Renaissance statesman and philosopher - popularized the scientific method

f. Rene Descartes: French philosopher - wrote “I think, therefore I am”

g. Isaac Newton: discovered gravity and quantified the major constructs of mass, inertia, force, velocity, and acceleration - published in his “Principia Mathematic” (1687)

Question 19

origins of the EU Enlightenment
- dates
- primary source of authority, advocates for (5 things)?
- roots - who established these ideas?

Answer 19

a. intellectual and philosophical movement from 1685-1815

b. centered around the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and advocated for liberty, progress, tolerance, constitutional gov., and separation of church and state

c. roots are usually traced to 1680s England, when Isaac Newton published “Principia Mathematica” 1687 and John Locke his “Essay concerning human understanding” in 1689
^ brought about the Enlightenment’s major advances

Question 20

major figures of the Enlightenment: Bacon, Descartes, Locke, Fredrick, Voltaire, B. Franklin, Rousseau, Paine, & Hume

Answer 20

a. Francis Bacon: inspired the revolution

b. Rene Descartes: strongly believed in logic and observation

c. John Locke: wrote about representative govs. and the significance of experience to be developed and enlightened humans

d. Fredrick the Great of Prussia: fully supported the Enlightenment

e. Voltaire: advocated freedom of religion, expression, and the separation of church and state

f. Benjamin Franklin: spread the ideas of Enlightenment to the New World
- helped form the US gov., the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution

g. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: developed the idea of social contract - the gov. existed by the people and so is obligated to protect their basic rights

h. Thomas Paine: one of the founding fathers of the American Revolution - encouraged American colonists to rise up against the English

i. David Hume: pioneered empiricism and skepticism - truth could only be found through direct experience

Question 21

National varieties of the Enlightenment: France, Scotland, Italy, Russia, and Americas

Answer 21

a. France: associated w/ anti-gov. and anti-Church radicalism
- the gov. was hostile towards the movement, would imprison or exile thinkers

b. Scotland: mostly liberal Calvinist and Newtonian focus - played a major role in the development of the transatlantic Enlightenment

c. Italy: the significant reduction in the Church’s power led to a pd. of great thought, invention, including scientific discoveries

d. Russia: the gov. encouraged the proliferation of arts and science in the mid 18th c.
- produced the first Russian uni., library, theater, etc.

e. Americas: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson brought Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers

Question 22

how did the Enlightenment lead to the French Revolution?

Answer 22

a. France’s social class: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners or bourgeoise
- the bourgeoisie loved the ideas of the Enlightenment and decided to fight for liberty, equality, and fraternity in France
- the Enlightenment paved the way for a republic

Question 23

origins of the French Revolution
- King Louis
- meeting of the gen. estates
- storming of the Bastille

Answer 23

a. King Louis XVI was the king at the time, under debt from the 7 year war
- his solution was to tax the poor
b. he also called a meeting for the general of estates
- the 3rd estate made up 98% of the pop. while the top 2 estates made up the 2%, but each estate was worth one vote → angered the 3rd estate to create the National Assembly
c. the revolution began in 1789 in Paris when the third estate stormed the Bastille for gunpowder to protect their national assembly

Question 24

major events of the French Revolution
- the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
- March of Versailles
- war on Austria and Prussia
- French Republic
- Committee of Public Safety
- Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 24

a. the National assembly came up w/ the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: guaranteed liberty and equal rights to all men
b. however, bread prices were still high and the 3rd estate was still starving, sO, the housewives of Paris marched to Versailles → Louis XVI sided w/ the revolutionaries
c. French revolutionaries were migrating to other countries which eventually led to them declaring war on Austria and Prussia to protect the monarchy
d. 1792: the monarchy was abolished, the French Republic was born - Louis XVI was executed
e. 1793: the Committee of Public Safety was developed, led by Maximilien Robespierre who created the Reign of Terror
- a dictatorship made of radicals
- the top 2 estates and anyone who were against the revolution were executed, including Marie
f. 1794: Robespierre was executed
g. 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte gained power and the gov. became a military dictatorship, ending the revolution

Question 25

origins of the Glorious Revolution (English Revolution)
- dates
- the overthrow of who? that led to what kind of monarchy?

Answer 25

a. also called the Revolution of 1688 or the Bloodless Revolution - dates from 1688-89

b. overthrew Catholic King James II - replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange

c. this led to Britain’s transformation from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy
- the Bill of Rights was developed

Question 26

origins of the American Revolution (causes, began, ended)

Answer 26

a. causes: 7 years war and heavy taxation

b. began in 1775 w/ the battles of Lexington and Concord

c. ended in 1784 w/ the Treaty of Paris that gave the colonies independence from Britain

Question 27

similarities and differences between the French, English, and American revolution

Answer 27

a. SIMILARITIES:
- came about as a protest against the excesses and overly controlling nature of the monarchs
- led to the development of a republic to replace the monarchies

b. DIFFERENCES:
- French: the nobility’s excesses led to inflation, heavy taxation, food shortages, and extreme burdens on the lower class
> did not lead to a working republic, instead a dictatorship

-America and England: led to a working republic

Question 28

Brazilian Independence
- the Portugal royal family and Pedro
- lobbying for independence
- 1822 - constitutional monarchy

Answer 28

a. 1807: Napoleon takes control over Portugal→ the Portuguese royal family went to Brazil
- King John VI ruled his Portugal kingdom from Brazil until 1821
- his son Pedro remained in Brazil and ruled as regent

b. Brazil formed a party to lobby for independence

c. 1822: Pedro declared Brazil to be independent constitutional monarchy w/ himself as king
- Pedro’s liberal policies (including opposition to slavery) alienated the political slave-holding elite (not until 1888)

Question 29

Mexican Indepence
- Hidalgo
- Morelos
- Iturbide
- Mexico republic

Answer 29

a. 1810: Mexico was Spain’s richest and most populous colony, but the Amerindian pop. of central Mexico suffered from dislocation from mining and commercial enterprises
- as well as a cycle of crop failures and epidemics

b. Sep. 1810: parish priest, Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion against the Spanish authorities

c. after the execution of Hidalgo, Jose Morelos took leadership
- he was defeated and executed in 1815

d. 1821: creole general Iturbide declared Mexico’s independence w/ himself as emperor

e. 1823: the army overthrew Iturbide and Mexico became a republic

Question 30

Venezuelan Independence
- a creole led revolutionary
- the first republic
- Bolivar and the second republic
- the battle of carabobo
- republic of gran colombia

Answer 30

a. a creole-led revolutionary junta declared independence of Venezuela in 1811

b. the creole patriots met in Caracas and declared a provisional independence→ the First Venezuelan Republic

c. 1812: Spanish forces attacked and a devastating earthquake led to the republic’s downfall

d. 1813: Bolivar took back Caracas - “Admirable Campaign” → Second Venezuelan Republic
- fell in mid 1814

e. 1814-19: wars persisted to liberate Venezuela

f. 1821: the Battle of Carabobo - Bolivar’s victory secured Venezuela’s independence

g. Bolivar had formed the Republic of Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama
- lasted until 1830

Question 31

Great Britain’s role in the Industrial Revolution
- dates
- spinning jenny
- steam engines
- road networks
- banks
- Adam Smith

Answer 31

a. ~ 1760-1840s - began in Great Britain and later spread to the rest of the world
b. starting in the mid-18th c., innovations like the spinning jenny made producing cloth faster and required less human labor
- more efficient, mechanized production meant Britain’s new textile factories could meet the growing demand for cloth locally and abroad
c. steam engines also emerged - James Watt improved it in the 1760s→ production to skyrocket
d. Britain’s road network improved - by 1830 steam-powered locomotives started transporting freight between the industrial hubs of Manchester and Liverpool
e. banks and industrial financiers rose and the commercial telegraphy system was developed
f. Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (founder of modern econ, 1776) promoted an economic system based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of gov. interference

Question 32

consequences of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

Answer 32

a. the move to cities from rural areas accelerated majorly

b. large factories turned smaller towns into major cities → overcrowded cities suffered from pollution, inadequate sanitation, bad housing conditions, and lack of safe drinking water

c. caused great burdens to the poor and working class
- the technological innovation made working in factories tedious and dangerous
- workers (including children) were forced to work long hours for very low wages
- led to the formation of labor unions and the passage of child labor laws and public health regulations

Question 33

the Industrial Revolution in the US
- the first textile mill
- the cotton gin

Answer 33

a. 1793 - English immigrant Samual Slater built the first textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

b. the cotton gin: produced by Eli Whitney, revolutionized the nation’s cotton industry, and strengthened slavery over the cotton-producing South

Question 34

expansion of the Ottoman Empire
- Selim I
- peak of the empire & golden age of Islam
- uniform system of law
- art and architecture

Answer 34

a. 1517: Selim I brought Syria, Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt under Ottoman control

b. the empire reached its peak 1520-1566 during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
- the pd. was marked by great power, stability, and wealth - the Golden Age of Islam

c. Suleiman create a uniform system of law known as the Kanun

d. some of the most popular forms of art: calligraphy, painting, poetry, textiles, ceramics, music

e. architecture also helped define the culture
- mosques and public buildings were built during this period

Question 35

fall of the Ottoman Empire
- when it started to decline
- the Balkan wars
- WW1 –> republic of Turkey

Answer 35

a. the empire began to lose its economic and military dominance over EU in the 1600s
- 1683: the Ottoman Turks were defeated at the battle of Vienna

b. during the Balkan Wars (1912-13) the empire lost all its territories in EU

c. the empire went into WWI w/ the central powers and lost

d. 1922: the title of Ottoman Sultan ended, declaring the Republic of Turkey

Question 36

the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)

Answer 36

a. established by the Mongols and ruled China from 1271-1368 CE.

b. first emperor was Kublai Khan who defeated the Song Dynasty (reigned since 960 CE)

c. international trade was prompted

d. Kublai launched 2 unsuccessful invasions of Japan

e. the Mongols’ reign in China ended due to endless fighting among their leaders, corrupt gov. that over spent and over taxed, floods, and famine

f. the Ming Dynasty took reign next

Question 37

the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
- Emperor Taizu
- expanded trade system
- porcelain
- fall of the dynasty

Answer 37

a. reigned from 1368-1644 - founded by Emperor Taizu
- Taizu captured Beijing in 1368, destroyed the Mongols, and announced the Ming Dynasty

b. Chengzu expanded the dynasty’s trade system, sending ships to India, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa
- 1557: China exporting silk and allowing EU presence in the empire
> time of expansion of cuisine- foods like sweet potatoes and peanuts entered China for the first time

c. one of the best exports was its porcelain - books were booming

d. the empire eventually fell in 1644 and the Manchu people moved in, ruling the Qing Dynasty

Question 38

the Qing Dynasty:
- dates
- during the time,
- military campaigns

Answer 38

a. 1644-1912, the last dynasty of China. established by the Manchu

b. during this time:
- China’s territory and pop. expanded tremendously
- cultural attitudes were conservative and Neo-confucianism was the dominant philosophy
- literati painting was popular, novels in the vernacular language and peking opera was developed
- Qing porcelain, textiles, tea, paper, sugar, and steel were exported around the world

c. military campaigns in the late 18th c. depleted gov. finances and corruption grew
- this led to the opium wars, the taiping, and Nian rebellions

d. the dynasty ended in 1912 w/ the republic revolution

Question 39

the rise of absolutism in EU
- the king’s power
- reasons for the rise

Answer 39

a. absolutism: belief the power of the king derived from God - limitless and divine power
- king’s power was superior to the clergy and nobility
- the absolutism pd. originates w/ the leadership of Louis XIV to the French Revolution

b. reasons behind the rise of absolutism:
- the disorder and uncertain conditions of living during the medieval pd. contributed
- influence from the East (whose gov. was absolute monarchy) during the Crusades
- expansion in trade, commerce, and industry
- decline of the empire and the Pope
- the Renaissance and Reformation
- patriotism and nationalism - people were willing to fully support rulers who could provide for the country

Question 40

the rise of liberalism in EU (19th c.)
- foundations
- ideas came from what and who?
- the Vienna Settlement

Answer 40

a. (early 19th c.) political and economic doctrine that emphasizes the rights and freedoms of the individual and the need to limit the powers of gov.

b. came from the ideas of the French revolution

c. basic ideas were developed by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

d. after the downfall of Napoleon in 1815, the Vienna Settlement tried to prevent ideas of democracy and nationalism, but liberal ideas were gaining ground

Question 41

the rise of nationalism in EU
- foundations
- how the French revolution spread the ideas - & the Enlightenment, education, and literacy
- decline in?

Answer 41

a. used to describe the common bonds that hold people together within a nation
- focuses on loyalty and self-determination (the nation should be able to determine its own future)

b. the French revolution played in the spread of nationalism
- Napoleon’s military victories influenced people to identify as French, rather than just their city-state of France.
- eventually other countries started to do the same to disassociate from France

c. the Enlightenment, education and literacy and the many forms of print spread the ideas
- the most devoted nationalists were students

d. the decline of trust in the Catholic church

Question 42

the Meiji Restoration
- the Charter Oath
- samurai militaries –> the national army
- the new gov.

Answer 42

a. 1868: emperor Meiji announced the Charter Oath: presented the emperor’s commitment to transforming Japan into a modern nation-state
- the 5 pts of the oath included:
> creation of assemblies, public discussion, and allowing people of all social classes participation in gov.

b. during the era of the shogunate, each region had its own military controlled by samurai loyal to their daimyo - but under the Meiji emperor, these armies were replaced by a national army, and all males were required to serve

c. the new gov. adopted Western technologies and reforms, while still holding on to some Japanese traditions
- centralized gov. around the figure of the emperor and a political system that allowed people to pursue new opportunities

Question 43

Italian unification (1848-1871)
- division of Italy
- revolutionaries & Giuseppe
- Victor Emmanuel & alliance w/ France
- the Kingdom of Italy in 1861
- capture of Venice and Rome
- Italy as an independent nation state

Answer 43

a. (1848-1871) division of Italy after Napoleon was defeated:
- Kingdom of Naples in the South
- theocratic papal states in Central
- kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) in the North

b. 1848: revolutionaries began but failed in gaining independence
- the Roman Republic was led by Giuseppe Mazzini, who founded the Red Coats

c. the king of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II sought to unify all of Italy
- he allied w/ France in a war against Austria to gain their support

d. 1858: they attacked Austria, starting the second fight for independence

e. Garibaldi handed over his southern conquests to Victor Emmanuel and the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861, but it wasn’t over yet

f. Venice was handed over to Italy from France and by 1870 they were able to capture Rome, who was previously occupied by France but then wasn’t bc of the franco-prussian war

g. 1871: Italy emerged as an independent nation state w/ Victor Emmanuel as the king

Question 44

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