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A&P > Chapter 1-Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The science of structure; relationships revealed by dissection

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The science of body functions; how the body structures function

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3
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy

A

surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic
anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic
anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology,
cytology, and pathological anatomy

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4
Q

Subdivisions of Physiology

A

cell physiology, systems physiology,
pathophysiology, exercise physiology,
neurophysiology, endocrinology,
cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology,
respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and
reproductive physiology

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5
Q

Structural Organization of Matter

A
  1. Chemical Level
    a. Atoms
    b. Molecules
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ System
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6
Q

What are the types of Atoms?

A

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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7
Q

What are Molecules?

A

Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds

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8
Q

Four biologically important organic molecules in the human body

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Complex Carbohydrates
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Lipids
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9
Q

What are Proteins made of?

A

20 different Amino Acids

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10
Q

What are complex carbohydrates made of?

A

Simple sugars (glucose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, etc.)

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11
Q

What are Nucleic Acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

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12
Q

What are Lipids made out of?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

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13
Q

The smallest structural and functional units of the human body

A

Cells

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14
Q

Tissues are made of?

A

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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15
Q

What are Organs made of?

A

Composed of two or more tissues work together to provide specific functions and they usually have specific shapes

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16
Q

What makes an organ system?

A

Consist of one or more organs that provide a common function

17
Q

Examples of Organ Systems

A

a. Integumentary system
b. Skeletal system
c. Muscular system
d. Nervous system
e. Endocrine system
f. Cardiovascular system
g. Lymphatic system
h. Respiratory system
I. Digestive system
j. Urinary system
k. Reproductive system

18
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Sum of all biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

19
Q

What is Responsiveness?

A

Ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and external environment

20
Q

What is the basic life process of Movement?

A

Occurs at the intracellular level, cellular, and organ levels

21
Q

What is Growth?

A

Increase in the number of cells, size of cells, tissues, organs, and the body. Single cell to a multicellular complex organism

22
Q

What is Differentation?

A

Process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized cell to a specialized cell

23
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

Formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual

24
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Equilibrium of the body’s internal environment produced by the interaction of organ systems and regulatory processes (feedback systems)

Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing systems

25
Q

The two body systems that largely control the body’s homeostatic state?

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. Endocrine System
26
Q

What is constantly disrupting homeostasis?

A

external stimuli
-intense heat, cold, and lack of oxygen
internal stimuli
-psychological stress
-exercise

Disruptions are usually mild and temporary

27
Q

How does the nervous system notice homeostatic changes?

A

It detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the disruption

Nerve impulses work faster than hormone secretion.

28
Q

How does the endocrine system notice homeostatic changes?

A

It regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.

This hormone secretion works slower than nerve impulses.

29
Q

Homeostasis fluid balance: compartments of body fluids

A
  1. Intracellular
  2. Extracellular
    a. Interstitial
    b. Plasma
30
Q

Components of the Feedback Loop

A
  1. Receptor - Monitors a controlled condition
  2. Control Center - determines next action
  3. Effector - receives directions from control center, produces a response that changes the controlled condition
31
Q

Negative Feedback loop

A

Nervous system response. Decreases stimulus to return to homeostasis. Shuts down the loop.

32
Q

Positive Feedback loop

A

Endocrine System response. Increases stimulus to return body to homeostasis.

33
Q

What is a Disorder?

A

A general term for any change or abnormality of function

34
Q

What is a Disease?

A

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

35
Q

Difference between a local disease and a systemic disease?

A

A local disease is one that affects one part or a limited region of the body. A systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts

36
Q

What are signs when determining a disease?

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (Ex: fever or rash)

37
Q

What are symptoms when determining a disease?

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (Ex: headache or nausea)

38
Q

What is a Diagnosis?

A

The art in distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease; a diagnosis is generally arrived at after the taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination

39
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

Subject is standing upright, facing the observer, eyes forward, feet flat on the floor, arms at the side, palms turned forward (ventral)

A&P (4 decks)

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