Evolution and Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define evolution

A

The process whereby heritable characteristics of an organism change over time.

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2
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

From this point on, fossils could be sequenced according to age and the gradual change in organisms over time could be observed.

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3
Q

What is palaeontology?

A

A branch of science that investigates fossils.

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4
Q

What is adaptive radiation ( divergent evolution)

A

The evolutionary explanation of homologous structures is that organisms that possess then have had the same origin, from an ancestor that also possessed this structure.

Over time they have become different and perform different functions based on the environment/needs of the organism.

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5
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Analogous structures did not evolve from a common ancestor. They are a result of convergent evolution due to similar selective pressures.

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6
Q

What are the three features that causes variation within a population

A
  1. Mutations - new alleles are produced by gene mutation which enlarges the gene pool of a population.
  2. Meiosis - produces new combinations of alleles by breaking up existing combinations in diploid cells. Also crossing over and independent orientation make every cell produced likely to carry a different combination of alleles to parents
  3. Sexual reproduction - gametes from different parents allow combinations of alleles from two different individuals
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7
Q

Which process results in decreased variation:
A. Meiosis
B. Mutation
C. Sexual Reproduction
D. Natural Selection

A

D. Natural Selection

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8
Q

Outline the three domains

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukaryota
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9
Q

Outline the grey wolf from kingdom to species level.

A

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Canidae

Genus: Canis

Species: Lupus

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10
Q

Outline date palm from kingdom to species level.

A

Kingdom: Plantae

Phylum: Angiospermophyta

Class: Monocotyledoneae

Order: Palmales

Family: Arecaceae

Genus: Phoenix

Species: Dactylifera

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11
Q

Name the four plant phylas

A

Bryophyta - mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Filicinophyta - Ferns

Coniferophyta - Conifers

Angiospermophyta - flowering plants

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12
Q

Outline what bryophyta does not have

A

No true roots,
Not tall enough to have xylem or phloem
No pollen, ovaries, seeds or fruits

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13
Q

Outline the properties of filicinophyta

A

Have roots, xylem and phloem.
Have no pollen, instead produce spores.
No ovaries, seeds or fruits.

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14
Q

Outline the properties of coniferophyta

A

(Pine cones). Have roots, xylem and phloem.

Produce pollen in male cones and ovules in female cones.

Produce seeds but not fruit.

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15
Q

Outline the properties of angiospermophyta

A

Have roots, xylem and phloem.

Produce pollen in flowers and ovules contained within flowers.

Produce seeds and these can be dispersed within fruits or by wind animals. etc.

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16
Q

Name the 6 phylum groups for invertebrates

A
  1. Porifera
  2. Cnidarian
  3. Platyhelminthes
  4. Annelida
  5. Mollusca
  6. Arthropoda
17
Q

Outline the properties of porifera

A

No mouth or anus

asymmetrical

Skeleton - internal spicules

External recognition features - many pores over the surface through which water is drawn in for filter feeding

Varied shapes

18
Q

Outline the properties of cnidaria

A

Mouth only, no anus

Radial symmetry

Skeleton - soft but hard corals secrete calcium carbonate

External recognition features - tentacles arranged in rings around the mouth with stinging cells. Polyps or medusae (jellyfish)

19
Q

Outline the properties of platyhelminthes

A

Mouth only, no anus

Bilateral symmetry

Soft with no skeleton

External recognition features - flat and thin bodies in the shape of a ribbon.
No blood system or system for gas exchange.

20
Q

Outline the properties of mollusca

A

Mouth and anus

Bilateral symmetry

Have a shell made of calcium carbonate

External recognition features - a fold in the body wall called the mantle secretes the shell.
A hard rasping radula is used for feeding

21
Q

Outline the properties of annelida

A

Mouth and anus

Bilateral symmetry

Internal cavity with fluid under pressure

External recognition features - bodies made up of many ring shaped segments, often with bristles
Blood vessels often visible

22
Q

Outline the properties of arthropoda

A

Mouth and anus

Bilateral symmetry

External skeleton made of plates of chitin

External recognition features - segmented bodies and legs or other appendages with joints between the sections

23
Q

Define analogous structure

A

Analogous structure are features of different species that are similar in function but are not necessarily in structure and which do no derive from a common ancestors.

24
Q

Define homologous structure

A

Homologous structure are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

25
Q

Define adaptive radiation

A

Adaptive radiation is the relatively fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor.