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Cell Bio > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All cells are enclosed by a

A

plasma membrane

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2
Q

Animal and plant cells are usually _ in diameter and can be seen with a _

A

5-20 nanometers, light microscope

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3
Q

What microscope reveals even the smallest organelles but specimens require elaborate preparations and cant be viewed alive

A

Electron

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4
Q

Specific large molecules can be located in fixed or living cells by

A

fluorescence microscopy

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5
Q

Simplest present day living cells are

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

Classes of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and arachaea

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7
Q

Prokaryotes contain DNA but

A

lack nucleus and most other organelles, resembling ancestral cell

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8
Q

Contains main genetic info of eukaryotic organisms, stored in very long DNA

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

The — of eukaryotic cells includes all of the cell’s contents outside the nucleus and contains a variety of membrane-enclosed organelles with specialized functions

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

carry out the final oxidation of food molecules and produce ATP

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

synthesize complex molecules for export from the cell and for insertion in cell membranes

A

Golgi and ER

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12
Q

digest large molecules

A

Lysosomes

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13
Q

Outside the membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytoplasm is the ___, a highly concentrated mixture of large and small molecules that carry out many essential biochemical processes.

A

cytosol

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14
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of

A

protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm a

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15
Q

Protein filaments are responsible for

A

cell shape and movement and for the transport of organelles and large molecular complexes from one intracellular location to another

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16
Q

Free-living, single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms are complex cells that

A

can swim, mate, hunt, and devour other microorganisms

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17
Q

What is the central dogma

A

All cells store genetic information as DNA,
Information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription) and from RNA to protein (translation)

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18
Q

Plasma membrane characteristics

A

Lipid bilayer, permeable, hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior

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19
Q

New cells are formed from pre existing cells proposed in the

A

1830s

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20
Q

Can also observe some sub-cellular structures or organelles (e.g. nucleus) by

A

light microscopy

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21
Q

With thin samples, one can study unstained, living cells by

A

light microscopy

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22
Q

low contrast images in living cells, often fix and stain cells to add contrast

A

Bright field

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23
Q

Phase contrast & differential interference contrast look at structures that

A

refract light

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24
Q

optical sectioning of thicker samples with laser
beam

A

Confocal fluorescence microscopy

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25
Q

microscopy allows higher magnification of fixed cells

A

electron

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26
Q

Used to look at very thin sections of cells
This allows detection of more sub-cellular organelles

A

TEM

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27
Q

Used to look at surface details of cells

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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28
Q

Cell walls are common and greater diversity and habitat of

A

prokaryotes

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29
Q

Smaller genomes in

A

prokaryotes

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30
Q

eukaryotic cells have both

A

protists (single cell) and multcell

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31
Q

Eukaryotic cells are __ than prokaryotic cells

A

larger and more regulatory DNA sequences

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32
Q

Largest organelle

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane known as

A

nuclear envelope

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34
Q

In the nucleus there’s traffic in and out of nucleus regulated by

A

nuclear pores

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35
Q

DNA is packaged with — into chromosomes

A

proteins

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36
Q

site of DNA replication and transcription, RNA processing, ribosome assembly

A

nucleus

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37
Q

often breaks down and chromosomes condense during cell division

A

nuclear envelope

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38
Q

present in nearly all eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

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39
Q

Mitochondria are _ membrane structures and chloroplasts are __ membrane structures

A

double, triple

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40
Q

what organelles contain their own DNA and reproduce by division

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

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41
Q

Mitochondria evolved from

A

bacteria engulfed by ancestor cells

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42
Q

perform cellular respiration, generate ATP and O2 and CO2 as byproduct

A

mito

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43
Q

chloroplasts are only present in

A

plants and algae

44
Q

Third membrane of chloroplast contains

A

chlorophyll

45
Q

Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, use _ and _, sunlight to make __, __, and release _

A

CO2, H20, sugars, ATP, O2

46
Q

network from nuclear envelope throughout cytoplasm

A

ER

47
Q

has bound ribosomes, and is the site of synthesis of transmembrane proteins

A

rough ER

48
Q

does not have bound ribosomes; it is the site of steroid hormone synthesis
and Ca2+ uptake

A

smooth ER

49
Q

a stack of flattened membranes near the nucleus

A

GOLGI

50
Q

Golgi function

A
  • receives and modifies molecules made in the ER
  • packages them for delivery to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion
51
Q

small, irregularly shaped organelles, sites of intracellular digestion

A

Lysosomes

52
Q

small membrane-enclosed organelles, contained environment for the generation and degradation of toxic molecules

A

Peroxisomes

53
Q
  • transport from plasma membrane inward is called
  • transport to the plasma membrane for secretion is called
A

endocytosis, exocytosis

54
Q

endocytosis and exocytosis are performed by

A

transport vesicles

55
Q

non-membrane containing cytoplasm

A

cytosol

56
Q

filamentous proteins that provide structural framework for cell

A

cytoskeleton

57
Q

Three filaments

A

actin, intermediate, microtubule

58
Q

filament used for contraction and transport

A

actin-based

59
Q

filament used for mechanical stabilization

A

intermediate based filament

60
Q

filament used for support and transport

A

microtubule

61
Q

E. coli bacteria are the premier model for

A

prokaryotes

62
Q

Advantages of E.Coli as a model organism vs disadvant.

A

Can grow cheaply in simple media, reproduces rapid, small genome

Not a euk

63
Q

E coli used to study

A

DNA replication and genetic code

64
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisae & Schizosaccharomyces pombe advantages as a model organism

A

simple, easy to grow and rapid generation, carries out basic cell functions, good genetics

65
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisae & Schizosaccharomyces pombe used to study

A

organization of chromosomes and cell division cycle

66
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana (wall cress) advantages

A

small genome size for plant, can grow inside, generation time is 8-10 weeks

67
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana (wall cress) are a good model for

A

multi-cellular plant development, photosynthesis

68
Q

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) Advantages

A

easily grown in lab, many genetic mutants available, genome size is 185 million bp and has counterparts for genes in human disease

69
Q

C. elegans (nematode worm)
Advantages

A

slightly smaller and simpler than Drosophila, worm counterparts exist for ~70% of human genes

70
Q

C. elegans are a good model for

A

animal development and apoptosis

71
Q

zebrafish advantages

A

easily maintained in freshwater and transparent embryos

72
Q

useful for study of early development in live animal

A

zebrafish

73
Q

good model for mammalian development and disease

A

mouse

74
Q

advantages of mice

A

can be generated with many mutations, closely related to human genes, rapid generation

75
Q

appearence and behavior of cells dictated largely by

A

proteins

76
Q

what gives proteins a different conformation

A

amino acids

77
Q

What cannot reproduce by their own efforts and arent living

A

Virus

78
Q

entire sequence of nucleotides in an organisms DNA provides a genetic program for cells to behave

A

Genome

79
Q

Differentiated cell types are generated during

A

embryonic development

80
Q

dense material often made of protein fibers embedded in a gel of sugar chains

A

ec matric

81
Q

RNA translation into proteins

A

ribosome

82
Q

have no organelles only ribosomes

A

bacterium

83
Q

prokaryote shapes

A

spherical, rod, spiral

84
Q

2 concentric membranes continuous with the ER membrane

A

nuclear evelope

85
Q

breaks down ingested cellulose and makes methane gas

A

archaea

86
Q

what kind of proteins use energy stored in ATP, carrying organelles and proteins through cytoplasm

A

motor

87
Q

What structure in an interphase cell contains ribosomal rRNA and proteins for the formation of ribosomes?

A

nucleolus

88
Q

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a fluorescent microscope is still limited by the __________________ of visible light.

A

wavelegnth

89
Q

Ability to perceive the presence of an object

A

Detection

90
Q

Ability to discriminate between two objects that are close together, limited by wavelength of light

A

Resolution

91
Q

The bright field image of live cell allows us to see

A

The nucleus and a few large organelles

92
Q

Blue stains dye what molecules

A

Negatively charged molecules such as DNA and RNA

93
Q

Flourescent microscopy allow us to see

A

Nucleus, pigment granules, and micro tubules

94
Q

You can see nucleus and mitochondria by

A

Light microscopy and fluorescent microscopy

95
Q

Interphase consists of what phases

A

G1, S phase (dna replication), and G2

96
Q

Mitochondria are located at sites of

A

High energy consumptions

97
Q

ER extends from the

A

Outer membrane of nuclear envelope

98
Q

Flexible strands with tensile strength

A

Actin filaments

99
Q

Hollow tubes that serve as rigid struts and organize compartments

A

Micro tubules

100
Q

Rope like strands that provide mechanical support

A

Intermediate filaments

101
Q

Chromosomes attach to micro tubules by their

A

Kinetochores

102
Q

With our eyes we can see what micrometer amount

A

200

103
Q

Red blood cell size

A

7 um

104
Q

Need __ to resolve smaller organelles

A

electron microscopy or super- resolution fluorescence microscopy

105
Q

Mitochondria makes ATP via

A

Respiration

106
Q

Converts pyruvate and fatty acids into ATP, CO2, and H2O

A

Respiration

107
Q

What forms the miotic spindle

A

Microtubules

Cell Bio (15 decks)

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