Cultural Variations

Question 1

A key study was conducted by Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg, what was it?

Answer 1

A meta analysis of the Strange situation study conducted in 8 countries. There were 32 studies and between them the results of 1990 children

Question 2

What were the findings of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study?

Answer 2

. In all countries the secure attachment was the most common.
. This proportion of secure attachments varied with Britain the highest at 75% and China the lowest at 50%.
. Insecure resistant was the least common attachment type with proportions varying from 3% in Britain to 30% in Israel.
. Insecure avoidant attachments were most common in Germany at 35% and least in Japan with 5%

Question 3

What was the Italian study and who is credited with it?

Answer 3

Simonella et al conducted a study which looked at the proportions of babies still matched those of previous studies.

Question 4

What could be a criticisms of Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s study?

Answer 4

. The assessment is still the Strange situation which is arguably culturally bias. It is called imposed etic, a standard of how something should be imposed from one culture to another.
. The samples weren’t really representative as they only analysed countries not the many different cultures that make them up.

Question 5

Who looked at the differences in culture and therefore attachment type when im rural and urban settings?

Answer 5

Ijzendoorn and Sagi

Question 6

Ijzendoorn and Sagi, where did they conduct their study?

Answer 6

Japan looking at rural and Urban Japan (Tokyo)

Question 7

What is etic?

Answer 7

Cultural universals?

Question 8

What is emic?

Answer 8

Cultural uniqueness

Question 9

What’s the issue with etic?

Answer 9

It’s an imposed westernised, Anglo saxon concept of what a good attachment type is.

Question 10

Another issue with cultural variations is that just because a country is….

Answer 10

Represented doesn’t mean it’s accounting for all the individual and vastly different cultures that compose it. This is particularly true for enormous countries such as China.

Question 11

The large sample size of Ijzendorn and Kroonenbergs study is….

Answer 11

Increasing it’s internal validity by decreasing the impact of any anomalous result to skew the final result

Question 12

The Italian study by Samonella….

Answer 12

Assessed 76 infants aged 12 months old. 50% were secure, 36% insecure avoidant