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psy 1 > lesson 1 intro > Flashcards

lesson 1 intro Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the science of the elementary laws of the mind and behavior

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2
Q

what is empiricism

A

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

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3
Q

what is evolution

A

saying genes make brains, and evolve over time

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4
Q

what is materialism

A

brains make minds

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5
Q

what is modularity

A

the mind is a collection of parts

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6
Q

constructivism

A

the mind makes reality

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7
Q

what are the 5 foundations of psychological science

A

empiricism, evolution, materialism, modularity, constructivism

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8
Q

what are the different types of psychology

A

experimental and clinical

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9
Q

what kinds of psychology fall under experimental

A

social, personality, cognitive, developmental, psychopathology

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10
Q

where does the word psychology come from

A

greek “psyche” which means soul and “logos” which means to study

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11
Q

father of psychology

A

william james

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12
Q

what does the word mind refer to

A

a set of private events that happen in a person, which no one else can see

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13
Q

what does the word behavior refer to

A

a set of public events; what we say and do that can be observed by others

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14
Q

what is philosophical dualism

A

the view that the mind and body are different, that the mind is immaterial and the body material

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15
Q

philosophical materialism

A

all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena; anything we experience in our mind is attributed to brain structure

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16
Q

philosophical realism

A

view that perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by information from the sensory organs

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17
Q

philosophical idealism

A

view that perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of information from the sensory organs

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18
Q

philosophical empiricism

A

view that all knowledge is acquired through experience

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19
Q

philosophical nativism

A

some knowledge is innate rather than acquired

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20
Q

helmholtz studied what

A

reaction time

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21
Q

what is reaction time

A

the amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and your response

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22
Q

what was helmholtz able to do with reaction time

A

calculate the speed at which nerves transmit information

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23
Q

structuralism

A

an approach to psychology which tries to isolate and analyze the mind’s basic elements

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24
Q

what did titchener pioneer

A

introspection

25
Q

what is introspection

A

analysis of subjective experience by trained observers (raw experience rather than interpretation of it)

26
Q

what did wundt discover

A

identified three basic dimensions of sensation (pleasure/pain, strain/relaxation, excitation/quiescence)

27
Q

problem with introspection

A

every person’s inner experience is private, and there’s no way to tell whose is more accurate

28
Q

functionalism

A

an approach to psychology that emphasizes adaptive significance of mental processes (if we physically adapted, why not mentally?)

29
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organism’s survival and reproduction become more prevalent in the population over time

30
Q

who came up with natural selection

A

darwin

31
Q

hysteria

A

loss of function with no obvious physical origin

32
Q

unconscious

A

part of the mind that contains information of which people are not aware

33
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

34
Q

what was freud’s discovery

A

hysteria was due to repressed memories, and the patients had gone through trauma so bad they wouldnt allow themselves to remember it

35
Q

psychoanalysis

A

therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious minds (what does this word make you feel)

36
Q

behaviorism

A

approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behavior

37
Q

what did pavlov do

A

figured out how conditioning works by associating a certain stimulus with good or bad responses

38
Q

what did skinner do

A

realized pavlov’s work was good, but confined to a lab; animals had to act on environments to find food instead of waiting on it. developed skinner box where rats push lever themselves to get food

39
Q

principle of reinforcement

A

any behavior that is rewarded will be repeated and any behavior that isnt wont

40
Q

who agreed with freud and who didnt

A

experimental psychologists though this was mad, but clinicians were interested

41
Q

what did wertheimer do

A

discovered how people perceived motion and connected it to sensory data being processed (contributed to news ticker with the information that looks like it’s scrolling by, but the lights are really flashing on and off)

42
Q

gestalt psychology

A

emphasizes the way the mind creates perceptual experience

43
Q

what did bartlett do

A

studied why people remember things that didnt really happen (memories distort time and we tend to remember things by how we expect them to happen)

44
Q

what did piaget do

A

studied the minds of children by analyzing the mistakes they made (the mind has theories about how the world works and children havent learned that yet)

45
Q

developmental psychology

A

study of the ways psychological phenomena change over a life span

46
Q

why was lewin against behaviorism

A

responses dont depend on stimuli, but instead on how people think about those stimuli

47
Q

social psychology

A

study of causes and consequences of sociality (like primacy effect of how people draw influences about others, making inferences based on what they hear first)

48
Q

who said behaviorism cant work

A

chomsky- said purely behaviorist account of learning cant explain how children learn grammar, and behaviorism as a whole is too robotic compared to the fluidity of psychology

49
Q

what is neuroscience

A

the mind is what the brain does; used to be studied with damaged brains, but that isnt enough to see how we work on a daily basis

50
Q

fmri

A

technology that produces brain scans

51
Q

broca’s area

A

damage to this area (frontal lobe) can cause aphasia where you understand but cant speak

52
Q

cultural psychology

A

how culture influences mental life, like individualism of americans vs interdependnece of japanese and how this influences how they perceive visual information

53
Q

example of a theory

A

that the brain responds to traumatic events by producing chemicals that facilitate memory

53
Q

split-brain procedure

A

To alleviate the severity of the seizures, surgeons can sever the corpus callosum in this operation

The result is that a seizure that starts in one hemisphere
is isolated in that hemisphere because there is no longer a connection to the other side

53
Q

two broad approaches to treatment

A

psychological and biological

54
Q

dogmatism

A

sticking to beliefs

55
Q

how did skinner differ from pavlov

A

pavlov was in a controlled environment; the dogs knew the food was coming so they salivated ahead of time. skinner thought, in the real world the animals had to act on their environments to get food, not just wait for a person (which is why he used reinforcement in his boxes)

56
Q

give an example of a way culture influences perception

A

show two pictures with differences in the background of buildings and foreground of cars to americans vs asians; asian communities tend to be more familial and holistic so they focus on the back while americans are more individualistic so they’ll focus on the front

psy 1 (18 decks)

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