Chronic Adaptations to Training

Question 1

Chronic Adaptation

Answer 1

The physiological changes that occur in response to increased demands placed on the body through training.

Question 2

Changes of Ventricle & Function

Answer 2

Increased size of left ventricle for increased blood volume
Thickening of left ventricle wall for increased strength of left ventricle contraction
Increased oxygenated blood pumped out of left ventricle

Question 3

cardiovascular adaptations at rest

Answer 3

SV Increase
HR Decrease

Question 4

cardiovascular adaptations at sub-max

Answer 4

HR decrease (recovery and steady state)
SV Increase

Question 5

cardiovascular adaptations at max

Answer 5

Recovery HR decrease
SV Increase
Cardiac Output Increase

Question 6

blood vessel adaptations & function

Answer 6

cross-sectional area of arteries and capillaries that feed the heart increases, therefore increases capillarisation for more oxygen and nutrients to be provided to muscles

Number of capillaries around the muscles increases for an increase in the supply of oxygen and enhanced removal of waste products

Question 7

Muscular ability to get oxygen

Answer 7

Increased ability of muscle to deliver, extract and use oxygen, therefore the oxygen demands of active muscles is reduced.

Question 8

Thermoregulation

Answer 8

Increased blood flow to the skin to assist in heat removal for better thermoregulation of the body

Question 9

a-vO2 difference

Answer 9

Increased extraction of oxygen from the blood by muscles, and more effective blood distribution to working muscles leads to increased a-vO2 difference

Question 10

Respiratory adaptations at rest (5)

Answer 10

Increased lung capacity
Increased diffusion (transfer of O2 and CO2 across alveolar-capillary membrane)
Increased membrane surface area
Decreased ventilation (decreased RR)
Increased ventilatory efficiency (lungs require less O2 to work)

Question 11

Respiratory adaptations at sub-max (6)

Answer 11

Increased lung capacity
Increased tidal volume
Increased diffusion
Increased membrane surface area
Decreased ventilation (decreased RR)
Increased ventilatory efficiency (lungs require less O2 to work)

Question 12

Respiratory adaptations at max (7)

Answer 12

Increased lung capacity
Increased tidal volume
Increased diffusion
Increased membrane surface area
Increased ventilation (increased RR)
Increased oxygen consumption with each breath
Increased ventilatory efficiency (lungs require less O2 to work)

Question 13

Aerobic muscular adaptations (7)

Answer 13

Increased fibre size
Increased capillary density
Increased myoglobin stores (carry O2 to mitochondria)
Increased mitochondria size, number and surface area
Increased glycogen stores
Increased oxidative enzymes
Larger slow twitch fibres

Question 14

Anaerobic muscular adaptations & Function (5)

Answer 14

Increased ATP & PC stores - Increased capacity of ATPPC system
Increased glycogen stores - Increased utilisation of glycogen as a fuel source
Increased glycolytic enzymes - Increased rate of ATP from glycogen
Increased ATPase - Increased turnover of ATP for a more rapid release of energy
Increased tolerance of metabolic byproducts - Increased ability to continue working at high intensities

Question 15

Neural adaptations & Function (6)

Answer 15

Decreased inhibition from golgi tendon - allows for more forceful contractions
Increased motor unit recruitment - increased force of contraction
Increased rate of motor unit activation - increased rate of force development/speed of contraction
Increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres - increased rate of force development & increased time at which maximum force can be maintained
Increased motor unit coordination/synchronisation - increased force and efficiency of force application