test Flashcards
give the characteristics of a good research aim
1 what is the focus of the research- what is the research focusing on and trying to explore, understand or answer
2. who will be involved in the study/research= an outline of the participants included which will assist in achieving the goal of the study
3. how the study will be carried and performed= the methodology of the study to obtain information, analysed data and interpret the data
4. where will the research/ study be conducted
explain what interval data is 3
it has a rank order characteristics like ordinal data BUT also demonstrates known and = distances between the units of measurement. relative Dif and = within a scale can be measured.
remember the 10 thing for temp
measures are not related to a true zero but an ARTIFICIAL zero, no such thing as no temp/time
explain what type 1 error in hypothesis is. 3
type 1 is a false positive. we reject the null hypothesis when actually it is true, thus concluding the results are stat sig but they actually because of chance
simbilized by alpha 0.05- p is smaller or = to 0.05
explain confidence intervals
confidence intervals is a RANGE of scores with specific boundaries or confidence limits, that should contain the population mean.
they can take any number of probability limits but most researchers use 95%
when is an independent (unpaired) t-test used for data analysis?
independent (unpaired) t-test is used when the means of 2 independent groups of subjects are compared
define 4 ways of ensuring trustworthiness of data in qualitative research 8
Cre,Dep,Con, Trans
1. Credibility- the EXTENT to which the results of the research are believable/ confidence in truth of the data
2. Dependability- CONSISTENCY in the way the researcher conducted the study over time/stability of the data overtime and over conditions
3. Transferability- GENERALISATION of the study findings to another context
4. Conformability- researcher refers to the degree to which the results can be CORROBORATED by others, it also refers to objectivity and neutrality of the data
differentiate between a code and a theme 2
code: is tags and labels for assigning units of meaning to the descriptive or inferential information compiled during a study.
Theme: themes are patterns across a data set that are important to the description of a phenomenon
Distinguish between a quantitative and qualitative study 10
quantitative:
1. used to test hypotheses, look at cause and effect and make predictions.
2. studies which involve the collection and analysis of NUMERICAL DATA are known as quantitative research
3. the designs that are used are quasi- experimental designs, experimental designs and non experimental designs.
4. questions are closed ended
5. the data format is numerical compared to qualitative which is textual
Qualitative studies:
1. used to understand and interpret social interactions, its a systematic, subjective approach that uses non- numerical data to interpret peoples life experiences.
2. it is a system of inquiry which SEEKS TO BUILD a holistic,largerly narrative, description to Inform the researchers understanding of a social or cultural phenomenon- an approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning.
3. aim and purpose used to gain insight; explore the depth, richness and complexity inherent in the phenomenon
4. its a exploratory design such as grounded ethnography, phenomenology theory, case study and narrative
5. questions are open ended eg how why ect vs how many
Define what an outcome measure.
an outcome measure is defined as ‘ a measurement tool ( instrument, questionnaire, rating form, scale, standardised test) used document change in one or more client characteristics over time’
explain two purposes of an outcome measure in research 4
establish baseline
measure change
enhance clinical decision making
allows to discuss patient care using common language
funding
explain the terms validity
validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
validity places emphasis on OBJECTIVES OF THE TEST and ability to make inferences from the measurements
face validity: instrument appears to test what it is supposed to test
content validity- indicates that items that make up the instrument adequately cover the content that relates to the variable being measured
construct validity- theoretical basis for using a measurement for a specific purpose
criterion validity: ability of a test to predict results obtained on an external criterion. (rest of answer in relation to criterion.
sensitivity- measure of validity that someone will test POSITIVE WITH THAT CONDITON
Specificity- NEGATIVE IF THEY DONT HAVE IT
concurrent validity - degree tho which outcomes on one test correlate with outcomes of a criterion test
predictive validity- examines the justification of using a measurement to say something about the future events or conditions
prescriptive validity- refers to the validity of test when the results are used to determine the treatment the person will receive.
explain the term reliability
reliability is the degree of consistency with which an instrument or rater measures a variable.
inter-rater relaibility- variations between TWO or more RATERS who measure the same group study of participants for a given variable should be in clinical contexts, strengthens the generalisability of research outcomes.
test retest reliability- degree to which an instrument is stable based on repeated administrations of the test to the same individuals over a specific time period, intervals should be far enough apart to avoid fatigue, learning or memory effects but close enough to avoid genuine changes
intra- rater reliability- stability of data recorded by one individual over 2 or more tests, raters can be influenced by their memories of the first score.
acceptable 0.8 or greater
what is the declaration of helskini
a set of ethical guidelines/ prin for medical research on human subjects . 1964
it addresses aspects of medical research such as:
informed consent
risks
privacy and confidentiality
ethical committees
dissermasion of results
burdens and benefits of research
discuss two responsibilities of researchers according to the sinagapore statement on research integrity
Integrity- researchers should take responsibility for the trustworthiness of their Research.
adherence to regulations- researchers should be aware of adherence to regulations and policies related to research
( others conflict of interest, research methods and research records)
list three examples of what could be covered under staffing costs in a research budget
travelling costs
refreshments
printing
describe the importance of formulating research objectives
objectives divide the research aim into several parts and address each part separately
it is one of the most significant aspect of a thesis, with the objective specifying HOW the aim will be achieved,, it establishes the scope, strength, and direction the research will eventually take, thus enabling the reader to clearly understand how the research article will achieve the objective of answering the aim
Distinguish between independent, dependent and extraneous variables and give two examples for each
independent variables- this is the variable you are able to manipulate eg treatment/ treatment method- this is controlled by the researcher
dependent variables- this it the variable that is being measured eg HR/ M.S
Extraneous variables- this the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. eg mood, age
this affects the dependent variables
these results can lead to altered misleading interpretations and flawed conclusions
define 4 ways of ensuring trustworthiness of data in qualitative research
Cre,Dep,Con, Trans
1. Credibility- the EXTENT to which the results of the research are believable/ confidence in truth of the data
2. Dependability- CONSISTENCY in the way the researcher conducted the study over time/stability of the data overtime and over conditions
3. Transferability- GENERALISATION of the study findings to another context
4. Conformability- researcher refers to the degree to which the results can be CORROBORATED by others, it also refers to objectivity and neutrality of the data
differentiate between code and theme
code: is tags and labels for assigning units of meaning to the descriptive or inferential information compiled during a study.
Theme: themes are patterns across a data set that are important to the description of a phenomenon
list 4 ways of collecting data in qualitative research
observations: field work
interviews: face to face or by electronic means
documents: public docs, minutes of meetings
audio/video: photos, video tapes, films and tapes
define the term inductive coding
data analysis where the researcher reads and interprets raw textual data to develop concepts, themes or process model through interpretation based on data
what is deductive coding
you start with a predefined set of codes, then asking those codes to the new qualitative data
what type of data is represented by the following examples?
sensation testing
side of hemi
age
sen= ordinal
side= nominal
age= ratio
explain what a hypothesis is in research
involves producing an educated guess about the outcome of the study.
the guess is the hypothesis
it is a decretive statement that predicts the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
what level of significance is used to inorder to minimise a type 1 error in clinical trials
alpha represents a criterion for judging if an observed difference can be considered a sampling error or real
the selected alpha represents the max acceptable risk of making a type one error
usually 5% or p is less or equal to 0.05
what level of significance is used to inorder to minimise a type 2 error in clinical trials
statistical power
the probability of making a type two error is denotes by beta
beta is the probability that a test will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis, or the probability of attaining statistical sig
beta = 0.20 the power = 0.80
explain why it is NB to estimate a sample size for a clinical trial
avoids unnecessarily large samlples which may waste time and resources
is req for putting together a proposal
needed for ethical clearance
Essential for wanting to publish results in peer review journals
sample sizes that are too small may lead to inaccurate results
we always estimate the minimum sample req for a study
influence of sample size on stat power is critical
the larger the sample the greater the stat power of the results
explain two factors that determine the choice of outcome measures in research
valid- validity is the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
validity places emphasis on OBJECTIVES OF THE TEST and ability to make inferences from the measurements
reliable-reliability is the degree of consistency with which an instrument or rater measures a variable.
feasible
economical responsive
briefly describe five objectives of a pilot study
feasibility of the study protocol
radmization and blinding
acceptability of the intervention
selection of the appropriate primary outcome measure
sample size calculation
recruitment and consent
compare consent and assent
consent must always be given in a written format and is done after the participants have been given the info sheet
they must be able to make rational decisions
for peads age 7-18 should be asked for assent and a parent is req to give consent
consent overrides assent but not opposite way