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Biomechanics > Chapter 2 Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Any structure or organization of related structures whose state of motion is of analytical interest

A

System

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2
Q

The discipline that studies measurements of the body & body segments in terms of height, weight, volume, length, breadth, proportion, inertia, & other properties related to shape, mass & mass distribution

A

Anthropometry

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3
Q

Ratio of body mass to height used to describe stature

A

Body Mass Index (BMI)

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4
Q

Ratio used to describe stature

A

Ponderal Index (PI)

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5
Q

System of body-type description based on weight & muscularity relative to height

A

Somatotyping

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6
Q

Somatotype described as being linear & relatively thin for height

A

Ectomorphic

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7
Q

Somatotype described as being muscular, strong & possessing weight relatively proportional to height

A

Mesomorphic

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8
Q

Somatotype described as being rounder & relatively heavy for height

A

Endomorphic

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9
Q

Ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference often associated with disease risk

A

Waist-to-hip ratio

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10
Q

Ratio of the length of the tibia to the length of the femur

A

Crural index

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11
Q

Reference position defined by standing erect with all joints extended, feet parallel, palms facing forward & fingers together

A

Anatomical position

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12
Q

Plane that passes directly through the midline of the body

A

Cardinal plane

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13
Q

Vertical plane dividing the body into right & left halves

A

Sagittal plane

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14
Q

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior & posterior halves

A

Frontal plane

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15
Q

Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior & inferior halves

A

Transverse plane

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16
Q

Axis that passes horizontally side to side & is perpendicular to the sagittal plane

A

Mediolateral axis

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17
Q

Axis that runs horizontally from front to back & is perpendicular to the frontal plane of motion

A

Anteroposterior axis

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18
Q

Axis that passes up & down & is perpendicular to the transverse plane

A

Superoinferior axis

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19
Q

The point that represents the average location of a system’s mass

A

Center of mass

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20
Q

The point at which the force of gravity seems to be concentrated

A

Center of gravity

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21
Q

A vertical line representing gravity that passes through a system’s center of mass

A

Line of gravity

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22
Q

A frame of reference defined by an origin & two or three orthogonal axes, each passing through the origin & defining one spatial dimension

A

Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system

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23
Q

A stationary point in the environment, from which all measurements are made

A

Origin (O)

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24
Q

A fixed frame of reference that allows the location of any point to be specified with respect to a defined origin

A

Global reference frame

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25
Q

A frame of reference attached to & moving with the system of interest

A

Local reference frame

26
Q

Rotation of a system around the x-axis

A

Roll

27
Q

Rotation of a system around the y-axis

A

Yaw

28
Q

Rotation of a system around the z-axis

A

Pitch

29
Q

The number of independent ways in which a system can move

A

Degree of Freedom (DOF)

30
Q

A simplified representation of a system free of the movement environment

A

Free-body diagram

31
Q

Segmental motion in a sagittal plane, around a mediolateral axis & away from the anatomical position

A

Flexion

32
Q

Returns a segment to the anatomical position in a sagittal plane & around an anteroposterior axis that moves the segment away from anatomical position

A

Extension

33
Q

Motion in a frontal plane & around an anteroposterior axis that moves the segment away from anatomical position.

A

Abduction

34
Q

Frontal plane motion that returns the segment to anatomical position

A

Adduction

35
Q

Frontal plane motion around an anteroposterior axis such that the sole of the foot rotates outward or laterally

A

Eversion

36
Q

Frontal plane motion around an anteroposterior axis such that the sole of the foot rotates inward or medially

A

Inversion

37
Q

Frontal plane motion around an anteroposterior axis at the wrist

A

Deviation

38
Q

Rotation at the radioulnar joint around a superoinferior axis that causes the palm to turn toward the body (medially & posteriorly)

A

Pronation

39
Q

Transverse plane motion that returns the radioulnar joint towards the anatomical position (palm moves anteriorly)

A

Supination

40
Q

Skill performed under standardized or predictable environmental conditions

A

Closed skill

41
Q

Skill performed in a changing or unpredictable environment

A

Open skill

42
Q

A change in position with respect to both spatial & temporal frames of reference

A

Motion

43
Q

Something that possesses the capability to cause a change in motion or shape of the system

A

Force

44
Q

The motion of one object with respect to a reference object

A

Relative motion

45
Q

Motion along one of the x-, y-, & z-axes; linear motion

A

Translation

46
Q

Motion around a fixed axis & therefore in a circular path; angular motion

A

Rotation

47
Q

Occurs if all points on one articulating surface come in contact with one point on another articulating surface

A

Spin

48
Q

Sliding or pure translation in which a point on one surface glides or skids over many points of an opposing surface

A

Glide

49
Q

A combination of rotation & translation in which each point on a surface contacts a unique location on the other surface

A

Roll

50
Q

Motion that has a definite beginning & end-point

A

Discrete skill

51
Q

Cycles of motion performed repeatedly with no well-defined beginning or end points.

A

Continuous skill

52
Q

Cycles of motion that are seemingly continuous but require a recovery phase between propulsion actions

A

Repeated discrete

53
Q

Movement that comprises a series of discrete motions

A

Serial skill

54
Q

Motion that is the result of large muscle group activity & requires little precision

A

Gross movement

55
Q

Motion that is precise & generally controlled by small muscle groups

A

Fine movement

56
Q

System of linked rigid bodies subject to force application

A

Kinetic chain

57
Q

Kinetic chain in which each segment participates in no more than two linkages

A

Serial (or simple) kinetic chain

58
Q

Kinetic chain in which a segment is linked to more than two other segments

A

Complex kinetic chain

59
Q

The total degrees of freedom of a kinetic chain

A

Mobility

60
Q

Kinetic chain in which motion can occur at one link in the chain without cooperative motion at other links

A

Open kinetic chain

61
Q

Kinetic chain in which motion at one link is only possible with cooperative movement at other links

A

A complex kinetic chain in which some links are involved in open chain motion & others are engaged in closed chain motion

62
Q

Adaptations at normal kinetic chain links as a result of abnormal motion at another link

A

Compensatory movements

Biomechanics (5 decks)

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