Unit 1

Question 1

Def: Growth

Answer 1

refers to the changes in size and is the most dominant biological activity for the first two decades of life

Question 2

What are the 3 underlying cellular processes of growth

Answer 2

1. an increase in cell # (hyperplasia) through cell divisions
2. an increase in cell size (hypertrophy) through an increase in functional units within a cell
3. an increase in intercellular substances (accretion) causing binding or aggregation of cells in complex networks

Question 3

What is Hyperplasia

Answer 3

an increase in cell number through cell division
its an intracellular genetic process through DNA replication creating functional identical cells

Question 4

What is Hypertrophy

Answer 4

An increase in cell size through an increase in functional units within the cell protein and substrates. This is also an intracellular process

Question 5

When does Neuron Hypertrophy occur

Answer 5

second half of pregnancy into postnatal life

Question 6

when does muscle hypertrophy occur

Answer 6

during growth (early) and post puberty (resistance training)

Question 7

what is Accretion

Answer 7

an increase in intercellular substrates through organic/inorganic material that binds or aggregates cells in networks
eg adipose tissue

Question 8

Def: Maturation

Answer 8

The process of becoming mature or progress towards the mature state. It refers to the timing and temp of progress towards the mature biological state. This occurs in all tissues, organs and organ systems affecting enzymes, chemical composition and functions

Question 9

Def: Maturity

Answer 9

refers to a state and can vary with the biological system in consideration

Question 10

Why is maturation of the neuroendocrine system important

Answer 10

plays a major factor in sexual, skeletal and somatic maturation during late childhood and adolesence

Question 11

Def: Timing

Answer 11

when specific maturation events occur

Question 12

Def: Tempo

Answer 12

The rate at which maturation progresses or how quickly someone reaches growth milestones

Question 13

What does the term development encompass

Answer 13

biological development: refers to the process of differentiating and specialization of stem cells into different cell types, tissues, organs and functional units
Behavioral Development: the development of competence in a variety of interrelated domains as child adjusts to their culture, value and behaviors

Question 14

Behavioral development

Answer 14

consists of refinement of motor activities. through childhood developing basic movement patterns through learning and practice. Dependent on the rate of maturation, growth and maturity status

Question 15

What factors affect development of motor skills

Answer 15

individual constraints, task constraints and environmental constraints

Question 16

Def: Physical Activity

Answer 16

a behavior that occurs in a variety of forms and contexts. Consists of any body movement completed by the skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure

Question 17

Importance of physical activity in children and adolescence

Answer 17

regulation of body weight and health in youth, creates habits and attitudes towards physical activity that can be carried over into adulthood and have long lasting effects on health as an adult

Question 18

Def: Training for sport

Answer 18

systematic, specilized practice for a specific sport or sport discipline for most of the year or to a particular season

Question 19

Def: Physical Fitness

Answer 19

an adaptive state that varies with an individuals growth and maturity status and with their physical activity habits and lifestyle, a subset of physical activity that is planned, sturctures and repetitive

Question 20

Importance of physical activity in daily life

Answer 20

develop attitudes and habits, efficient function of systems, weight maintenance, reduced risk of degenerative disease, reduced risk of early mortality, increased quality of life

Question 21

Variability factors of growth, maturation, development and physical activity

Answer 21

genetics, prenatal environment, nutrition, nutritional status, accidental injury, culture, social environment, family environment, socioeconomic states, education

Question 22

Def: Physical preformance

Answer 22

development and refinement of skills in a variety of motor activities

Question 23

In what years of life are basic movements developed

Answer 23

first 7 to 8 years

Question 24

Isometric Growth

Answer 24

The growth of an organ within the organism at the same rate as other parts of the body. Relative size of organs are the same and external features remain the same

Question 25

Allometric Growth

Answer 25

Unequal growth in part of an organism in relation to its whole, organs grow at different rates, results in chnage in size and external shape

Question 26

Four Phases of growth

Answer 26

rapid gain in infancy and early childhood, steady gain during mid-childhood, rapid gain during the adolescent spurt, slow increase until growth ceases with the attainment of adult stature

Question 27

Def: Self-concept

Answer 27

the beliefs one holds about oneself

Question 28

Def: Self-Esteem

Answer 28

the confidence in one’s own worth or abilities

Question 29

Def: perceived competence

Answer 29

The extent to one feels they have necessary attributes to succeed

Question 30

Chronological Age

Answer 30

measured at points in time, time since born

Question 31

Actual chronological age vs adjusted chronological age

Answer 31

Actual age refers to time since birth, adjust time refers to time since due date

Question 32

Infancy

Answer 32

First year of life
contains subgroups of preinatal (first week after birth), neonatal ( first month), post natal (remainder of the first year)

Question 33

Childhood

Answer 33

Extends from end of infancy to start of adolescence
subgroups: early childhood (preschool), middle childhood (elementary school until grade 6)

Question 34

Adolescence

Answer 34

Ages 10-18 WHO but the normal variation ranges for girls from 8-19 and for boys from 10-22

Question 35

Within participant variation

Answer 35

growth, maturation and development in a individual overtime

Question 36

Between participant variation

Answer 36

differences between children at the same age and of the same gender

Question 37

between population variation

Answer 37

differences between various cultures or countries

Question 38

Reasons to study growth, maturation and development

Answer 38

Evaluate status to compare an individual to a population, evaluate progress of an individual, predict future state, follow characteristics over time, generate reference data

Question 39

Pros of training for high level sport

Answer 39

regular physical activity, stronger heart, body fat control, building muscle, reduced disease risk, overall improved fitness, development of social skills

Question 40

Cons of training for high level sport

Answer 40

Child may fall behind in other skills, musculoskeletal injuries, stress and burnout

Question 41

What does age of peak preformance depend on

Answer 41

endurance, strength, flexibility and power required for the sport

Question 42

Cross-sectional research

Answer 42

measures participants at a specific age only once providing no rate of progress

Question 43

Longitudinal Research

Answer 43

repeated observations on the same individuals over a long period of time