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AQA AS Physical Education Year 2 > 8.1: Energy Systems > Flashcards

8.1: Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

energy definition:

A
  • constant supply so we can perform every day tasks such as tissue repair and body growth.
  • as we exercise the body converts energy from food into energy for muscle contractions in order to order to provide movement such as running, catching and throwing.
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2
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
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3
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • the only useable form of chemical energy in our body.
  • carbs are broken down to release energy used to form ATP.
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4
Q

Breakdown of ATP:

A
  • ATPase is the enzyme used to break down ATP leaving adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi)
  • ATP = ADP + Pi + energy
  • ATP is fuelled by phosphocreatine which occurs in the muscles.
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5
Q

What are the three energy systems?

A
  • aerobic system
  • APT-PC system
  • anaerobic glycolytic system
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6
Q

When are the systems used?

A
  • low intensity and long duration: aerobic system
  • high intensity and short duration: either anaerobic glycolytic system or ATP-PC system.
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7
Q

What is the aerobic system?

A
  • system breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide and water.
  • complete oxidation can produce up to 38 molecules of ATP.
  • fats (in form of fatty acids) and proteins (in form of amino acids) can also be broken down.
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8
Q

What are the three stages of the aerobic system?

A

1) glycolysis
2) krebs cycle
3) electron transport chain

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9
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • takes place in sarcoplasm of muscle cell.
  • breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
  • for every molecule of glucose, a net of two molecules of ATP is formed.
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10
Q

What is krebs cycle?

A
  • pyruvic acid is oxidised into two acetyl groups carried into the kreb cycle as by coenzyme A.
  • occurs in the mitochondria.
  • acetyl groups combine with oxaloaectic acid, forming citric acid.
  • hydrogen is removed from the citric acid and the rearranged form of CA undergoes ‘oxidation carboxylation’ which simply means hydrogen and carbon are given off.
  • carbon form CO2 which is transported to the lungs and hydrogen is taken to the electron transport chain.
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11
Q

What is electron transport chain?

A
  • hydrogen is carried to the electron transport chain by hydrogen carriers
  • occurs in the cristae of mitochondria and hydrogen splits into hydrogen ions and electrons and are charged with potential energy.
  • hydrogen ions are oxidised to form water while hydrogen ions provide energy to re-synthesise ATP.
  • throughout this process 34 ATP are formed.
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12
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A
  • stored fat is broken in glycerol which is converted into acetyl coenzyme A, which is the only entry molecule for Krebs cycle.
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13
Q

What are the advantages of aerobic system?

A
  • more ATP produced: 36 ATP
  • no fatiguing by-products (carbon dioxide and water)
  • lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last for a long time.
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of aerobic system?

A
  • complicated system so cannot be used straight away. Takes a while for enough oxygen to become available to meet demands of activity and ensure glucose and fatty acids are completely broken down.
  • fatty acid transportation to muscles is low and also requires 15% more oxygen to be broke down than glycogen.
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15
Q

What is ATP-PC system?

A
  • re-synthesises ATP when the enzyme creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP. It breaks down phosphocreatine in the muscles to phosphate and creatine, releasing energy.
  • this energy is then used to convert ADP to ATP in a coupled reaction.
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16
Q

Advantages of ATP-PC system?

A
  • can be re-synthesised rapidly using ATP-PC system
  • phosphocreatine stores can be re-synthesised quickly ()30 secs = 50% replenishment, 3 mins = 100%)
  • no fatiguing by-products
  • possible to extend the time the ATP-PC system can be utilised through use of creatine supplementation.
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17
Q

Disadvantages of ATP-PC system?

A
  • only limited supply of phosphocreatine in the muscle cell, can last up to 8 seconds.
  • only one mole of ATP can be re-synthesised for every mole of PC.
  • PC re-synthesis can only take place in the presence of oxygen.
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18
Q

What is the anaerobic glycolytic system?

A
  • energy is supplied from breakdown of fuel glucose. This is supplied from the digestion of carbohydrates and is stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen.
  • enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is activated to break down glycogen into glucose, which is broken down further to pyruvic acid by enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK).
  • takes place in the sarcoplasm of muscle cell without oxygen.
  • pyruvic acid is then broken down into lactic acid by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
  • 2 ATP are produced
  • lasts up to 3 minutes but can peak at 45 seconds, e.g. 400m.
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19
Q

Advantages of anaerobic glycolytic system:

A
  • ATP can be re-synthesised quite quickly due to very few chemical reactions and lasts longer than ATP-PC system
  • in the presence of oxygen, lactic acid can be converted back into lover glycogen or used as a fuel through oxidation into C02 and water.
  • can be used for a sprint finish
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20
Q

Disadvantages of anaerobic glycolytic system:

A
  • lactic acid as by-product. accumulation leads to denaturing of enzymes and prevents them from increasing rate at which chemical reactions take place.
  • only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions (5% as opposed to 95%)
21
Q

energy systems - slow twitch fibres:

A
  • main pathway for ATP production is in the aerobic system
  • produces the maximum amount of ATP available from each glucose molecule (up to 36 ATP)
  • production of ATP is slow but these fibres are more endurance based so less likely to fatigue.
22
Q

energy systems - fast twitch fibres (11x):

A
  • main pathways for ATP production is via lactate anaerobic system (during glycolysis)
  • ATP production in absence of oxygen is not efficient - only two ATP produced per glucose molecule.
  • production of ATP is fast but cannot last for long as these fibres have least resistance to muscle fatigue.
23
Q

What is lactate accumulation?

A
  • anaerobic glycolytic system produces by-product of lactic acid.
  • Lactic acid quickly breaks down, releasing hydrogen ions.
  • combines with sodium ions or potassium ions to form lactate.
  • as lactate accumulates in the muscles, more hydrogen ions are present.
  • lactate slows down enzyme activity which affects the breakdown of glycogen causing muscle fatigue.
24
Q

Factors affecting rate of lactate accumulation:

A
  • muscle fibre type
  • rate of blood lactate removal
  • fitness of a performer
25
Q

Muscle fibre type:

A
  • slow twitch fibres produce less lactate than fast twitch fibres.
  • when slow twitch fibres use glycogen as a fuel glycogen can be broken down much more effectively and with little lactate production.
26
Q

rate of blood lactate removal:

A
  • if rate of lactate removal is equivalent to lactate production, the concentration of blood lactate remains constant.
  • if lactate production increases, lactate will begin to accumulate in the blood until OBLA is reached.
27
Q

factors affecting VO2 max:

A
  • gender, age, lifestyle and physiological
28
Q

gender:

A
  • men generally have approximately 20% higher VO2 max than females.
29
Q

age;

A
  • as we get older, VO2 max declines as body systems become less efficient.
30
Q

lifestyle:

A
  • smoking, sedimentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor fitness can all recue VO2 max values.
31
Q

physiological:

A
  • increased levels of haemoglobin and RBC count
  • increased number and size of mitochondria
  • increased lactate tolerance.
32
Q

fitness of the performer:

A
  • someone who trains regularly will be in a better position to delay OBLA.
  • increased numbers of mitochondria and myoglobin improve capacity for aerobic respiration and therefore avoid the use of anaerobic glycolytic system
33
Q

What are different training methods?

A
  • altitude training
  • HIIT (high intensity interval training)
  • Plyometrics
  • Speed, agility, quickness (SAQ)
34
Q

Altitude training definition:

A
  • usually done at 2500m above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower.
35
Q

What is altitude training?

A
  • as altitude increases, partial pressure of oxygen drops.
  • therefore there a reduction in diffusion gradient of o2 between air and lungs and between alveoli and blood.
  • not as much oxygen is diffused into the blood so haemoglobin isn’t fully saturated with oxygen lowering oxygen-carrying capacity off the blood.
  • there is a reduction in performance as less O2 is delivered to muscles.
36
Q

Advantages of altitude training:

A
  • increase in number of red blood cells and the concentration of haemoglobin, an increase in capillarisation and EPO resulting in enhanced oxygen transport.
  • can also lead to increase in lactate tolerance.
  • altitude training is done to acclimatise players to low level of oxygen available in atmsophere.
37
Q

Disadvantages of altitude training:

A
  • when first experienced it is very hard for an athlete to train at the same intensity due to the reduction in partial pressure of oxygen. There can be a loss of fitness or detraining.
  • altitude sickness is a possibility, can have a detrimental effect on a training programme.
  • benefits gained may be lost very quickly to return to sea level and body can only produce a certain amount of EPO.
  • may result in psychological problems such as homesickness.
38
Q

What is HIIT training?

A
  • can be used for both aerobic and anaerobic training.
  • periods of work are interspersed with recovery periods.
  • involves short intervals of maximum intensity exercise followed by recovery interval of low to moderate intensity exercise.
  • work period is anaerobic and recovery aerobic.
  • HIIT improves fat burning potential, glucose metabolism and both aerobic and anaerobic endurance.
39
Q

Plyometrics definition:

A
  • involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power.
40
Q

What is plyometrics?

A
  • involves high intensity explosive events such as hopping, depth jumping, medicine ball work and uses fast twitch fibres.
  • works on the concept that muscles can generate more force if they have previously been stretched.
  • consists of three phases
41
Q

What are the three phases of plyometrics?

A
  • eccentric phase or pre-loading
  • amortisation phase
  • concentric or muscle contraction phase
42
Q

Phase one - eccentric phase:

A
  • on landing, muscle performs an eccentric contraction where it lengthens under tension.
43
Q

Phase two - amortisation phase

A
  • time between eccentric and concentric muscle contractions.
  • needs to be as short as possible so energy stored from concentric contraction is not lost.
    A lot of the energy produced is lost as heat however some energy is stored.
44
Q

Phase three - concentric/muscle contraction:

A
  • uses the stored energy to increase force of contraction.
45
Q

Plyometrics exercises - arms:

A
  • press-ups with clap or through throwing and catching a medicine ball.
  • triceps experiences a quick stretch on the landing or catching the medicine ball. This is followed by a concentric muscle action as triceps extends in upward phase of the press-up or execution of the throw.
46
Q

Plyometrics exercises - legs:

A

involves a line of benches, boxes and hurdles where performer has to hop, jump and leap from one to the other.
- recovery occurs when walking back to start

47
Q

What is SAQ?

A
  • type of training that aims to improve multi-directional movement through developing the neuromuscular system.
  • drills include zig-zag runs and foot ladders
  • sometimes a ball is introduced to make it more specific by passing
  • energy is provided anaerobically due to maximum force at high speed.
48
Q

What is lactate accumulation?

A
  • anaerobic glycolytic system produces by-product of lactic acid.
  • Lactic acid quickly breaks down, releasing hydrogen ions.
  • combines with sodium ions or potassium ions to form lactate.
  • as lactate accumulates in the muscles, more hydrogen ions are present.
  • lactate slows down enzyme activity which affects the breakdown of glycogen causing muscle fatigue.

AQA AS Physical Education Year 2 (16 decks)

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