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HECOL 210 > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A

An interconnected set of beliefs, knowledge, and assumptions that relate to understanding a phenomenon

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2
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Idea that the brain evolved in response to selection pressures leading to be associated with reproduction

Explains mating preferences and behaviours in terms of their adaptive functions

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3
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Features of an organism that contribute to successful reproduction are passed on to future generations

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4
Q

Psychological Mechanism

A

Many evolved preferences, capacities, responses, and strategies characterizing the human species that enable adaptation (evolutionary perspective)

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5
Q

Environmental of Evolutionary Adaptedness

A

Period of tens of thousands of years ago during which the human species took its current form

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6
Q

Cross-Cultural Studies

A

Research designed to compare and contrast behaviours, beliefs, and values across populations that vary in their culture, ethnicity, or country of origin

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7
Q

Attachment Theory

A

Theory of intimate relationships proposing that the relationships formed in adulthood are shaped by the nature of the bonds formed with primary caregivers during infancy and early childhood

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8
Q

Attachment Figure

A

A person an individual depends on as a source of comfort, care, and security

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9
Q

Attachment Behaviour System

A

A set of behaviours and reactions that helps ensure a developing child’s survival by keeping the child in close physical contact with caregivers

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10
Q

Felt Security

A

Sense of safety and protection that allows a developing child to explore the world and take risks

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11
Q

Working Model of Attachment

A

Psychological structures that represent the conscious and unconscious beliefs, expectations, and feelings people have about themselves, others, and relationships

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12
Q

Attachment Style

A

A person’s relatively stable beliefs about the likelihood of other people providing support and care when needed

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13
Q

What are the 4 different attachment styles?

A

Secure

Preoccupied

Dismissing

Fearful

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14
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Style of attachment that has positive views of the self and others

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15
Q

Preoccupied Attachment

A

Style of attachment that has a positive view of others but a low sense of self-worth

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16
Q

Dismissing Attachment

A

Style of attachment that has a positive view of the self and a negative view of others

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17
Q

Fearful Attachment

A

Style of attachment that has negative views of the self and others

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18
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Theory of intimate relationships proposing that people in all social interactions pursue their self-interest through the exchange of social goods, such as status, approval, and information

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19
Q

Dyad

A

Group consisting of two people

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20
Q

Interdependence Theory

A

Version of social exchange theory that focuses on the rules predicting how partners will behave toward each other, and how they evaluate the outcomes of their actions

21
Q

Reward

A

Concrete benefits provided by a relationship

22
Q

Cost

A

Any consequence of being in a relationship that prevents partners from meeting their needs and desires

23
Q

Material Rewards

A

Money, housing, food, and protection

24
Q

Social Rewards

A

One of the benefits people derive from relationships

Companionship, validation, and security

25
Q

Opportunity Cost

A

The idea that pursuing one rewarding experience prevents the ability to pursue other potential rewards

26
Q

Comparison Level (CL)

A

The standard against which partners in a relationship compare their experiences to decide whether they are satisfied in their relationship

27
Q

Dependence

A

The degree to which a person feels free to leave a relationship

28
Q

Comparison Level of Alternatives (CLalt)

A

A person’s perceptions of the possible alternatives to a current relationship, independent from comparison level (CL)

29
Q

Alternative

A

All the possible relationship options apart from a current relationship (being alone)

30
Q

Barrier

A

Any force outside of a relationship that acts to keep partners together

31
Q

Investment

A

A resource a couple shares in a relationship that would be lost following a breakup

32
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

A theory of intimate relationships proposing that people learn about their relationships from their interactions with their partners

33
Q

Positive interactions =
Negative interactions and unresolved conflicts =

A

Increased satisfaction
Decreased satisfaction

34
Q

Coercion Theory

A

The idea that partners may unintentionally reinforce each other’s undesirable patterns by giving in only when a certain negative behaviour has grown particularly intense

35
Q

Escape Conditioning

A

The reinforcing of behaviours that lead to the end of a negative experience

36
Q

Negative Reciprocity

A

An interpersonal pattern in which one person responds to the other’s negative behaviour with a negative behaviour of his or her own

37
Q

Social Ecological Model

A

A theory of intimate relationships that describes how stresses, supports, and constraints in the environment may affect the way partners think, feel, and act in a relationship

38
Q

Microsystem

A

A level in Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model of development consisting of the immediate environment that directly impacts individuals and couples, including their living situation, stressful life events, and the presence or absence of other people

39
Q

Mesosystem

A

A level in Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model of development, consisting of the broader social context, including the neighbourhoods, social networks, and institutions in which relationships take place

40
Q

Macrosystem

A

The broadest level in Bronfenbrenner’s social ecological model of development, consisting of sources of influence that are far removed from the individual’s or couple’s direct experience but are still influential, such as national, historical, and cultural contexts

41
Q

ABC-X Model

A

An early social ecological model of intimate relationships that explains how external stressors (A), a family’s resources (B), and their interpretation of a stressful event (C) combine to affect the outcome of a crisis (X)

Crisis theory!

42
Q

Stressor

A

An event or circumstance that makes demands on a person and requires some kind of adjustment, response, or adaptation

43
Q

Resource

A

An asset; a source of practical, social, or emotional support outside a couple that contributes to their ability to interact effectively or adapt to stresses and circumstances

44
Q

Interpretation of The Event

A

The way a couple or a family defines a stressful experience, as a challenge to be overcome or a catastrophe to be endured; represented by C in the ABC-X model

45
Q

Crisis

A

A couple’s experience of and response to a stressful event, represented by X in the ABC-X model

46
Q

Double ABC-X Model

A

A revision of the ABC-X model that recognizes how each element in the original model may change over time as a couple responds to a stressful event

47
Q

Stress Pile-Up

A

The accumulating consequences of a stressful event that can themselves be as stressful as or even more stressful than the original event

48
Q

Lifespan Study

A

A longitudinal research design that gathers data from individuals repeatedly over the course of their lives

HECOL 210 (14 decks)

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