C1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

Question 1

Give the state and colour of each of the halogens at room temperature.

Answer 1

Chlorine = Green gas
Bromine = Orange liquid
Iodine = Grey solid
(Iodine forms a purple vapour when it is warmed)

Question 2

What special something do Group 0/ Noble gases have about their outer shell of electrons?

Answer 2

The outer shell of Group 0 is full which makes it both unreactive and very stable.

Question 3

What is distillation used for ?
A evaporating the liquid from a mixture to collect the solid.
B the separation of a liquid from a mixture using evaporation then condensation.
C the separation of solutes for analysis.
D the removal of salt from water

Answer 3

Distillation is used for :B the separation of a liquid from a mixture using evaporation then condensation

Question 4

Explain what we mean by subatomic particles

Answer 4

protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 5

Why does chlorine push bromine out of potassium bromide?

Answer 5

In a displacement reaction, a less reactive element is displaced by a more reactive element.

Question 6

Explain what we mean by filtration

Answer 6

Filtration is a method for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid.

Question 7

Explain what we mean by a mixture.

Answer 7

Mixtures can easily be be separated using their physical properties (such as size, boiling point or solubility)

Question 8

Explain what we mean by an electron

Answer 8

Electrons are negatively charged tiny particles which are contained in shells around the nucleus.

Question 9

Explain what we mean by electron configuration

Answer 9

This means the number of electrons in each shell. Helium would be 2, Lithium 2,,1 and Argon 2,8,8.

Question 10

Explain what we mean by chemical formulae

Answer 10

The chemical formula of a compound tells you how many atoms of each element the molecule contains. e.g CuSO4

Question 11

John Dalton was the first person to start sorting elements into a periodic table. How did he sort them?

Answer 11

John Dalton sorted the elements in his periodic table by increasing atomic mass.

Question 12

What was the pattern that John Newlands noticed in the elements within Dalton’s periodic table?

Answer 12

John Newlands noticed that the eighth elements in Dalton’s periodic table had similar properties.

Question 13

Who discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells?

Answer 13

Neils Bohr discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

Question 14

Explain what we mean by chromatography

Answer 14

Paper chromatography is a method for separating dissolved substances from one another. It works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent used better than others, so they travel further.

Question 15

How many electrons do Group 1 have in their outer shell?

Answer 15

Group 1 elements all have in 1 electron in their outer shell

Question 16

Why does fractional distillation work?

Answer 16

Fractional distillation works because the liquids in the mixture have different boiling points.

Question 17

What is chromatography used for?
A to separate a solid from a liquid.
B to separate out dissolved solids.
C to separate a liquid from a solution.
D to separate a mixture of liquids

Answer 17

Answer D: Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of liquids

Question 18

What group is Cl in?

Answer 18

Cl is in Group 7

Question 19

How many neutrons are there in 184W74

Answer 19

There are 110 neutrons in 184W74

Question 20

How does paper chromatography work?

Answer 20

Paper chromatography works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent better than others, so they travel further up the paper.

Question 21

Explain what we mean by an element.

Answer 21

An element is a substance that is made of only one sort of atom. They are listed in the periodic table.

Question 22

Why are alkali metals stored in oil?

Answer 22

Alkali metals are stored in oil to prevent them reacting with air.

Question 23

Explain the difference between a compound and a mixture.

Answer 23

A mixture can easily be separated.
Compounds contain elements which have reacted chemically and are firmly attached to each other..

Question 24

What are elements in group 7 called?

Answer 24

Elements in group 7 are called halogens

Question 25

From the 3 sub atomic particles choose 2 which are the same size?

Answer 25

The proton and neutron are the same size.

Question 26

Water has a boiling point of 100 °C. At what temperature does water evaporate?

Answer 26

Water evaporates when the top layer of particles reach 100 °C. Boiling means ALL the particles are at 100 C

Question 27

I have 2 electrons in my first shell and 3 electrons in my second shell. Which element am I?

Answer 27

I am Boron

Question 28

How many protons or electrons are there in 56Fe26

Answer 28

There are 26 protons or electrons are in 56Fe26

Question 29

Which 2 sub atomic particles have opposite charges which hold the atom together?

Answer 29

The electron is negative and the proton is positive

Question 30

What did Mendeleev do to improve Dalton and Newlands periodic table?

Answer 30

Mendeleev took their ideas but also left spaces where elements didn’t fit the pattern. Once elements were discovered they fitted in exactly proving his design worked.

Question 31

Iodine sublimes, what does that mean?

Answer 31

Sublimation means changes from solid to gas without going through a liquid phase.

Question 32

Describe what Thomson’s plum pudding model looked like.

Answer 32

Thomson imagined that the atom was a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons dotted around inside, like plums in a pudding.

Question 33

Give an example of a use for each of the halogens (elements in Group 7)

Answer 33

Fluorine = in toothpaste
Chlorine = to kill microbes in swimming pools
Bromine = making pesticides or plastics
Iodine = steralising wounds

Question 34

Explain what we mean by a period on the periodic table

Answer 34

On the periodic table the horizontal rows are calledperiods. There are only two elements in period 1 (hydrogen and helium)

Question 35

Explain what we mean by charges

Answer 35

Both protons and electrons have an electrical charge. Both have the same size of electrical charge, but the proton is positive and the electron negative. The neutron is neutral.

Question 36

Explain what we mean by the Periodic Table

Answer 36

There are more than 100 different elements. The periodic table is a chart showing all the elements arranged in a particular way. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. Each group contains elements that have similar properties.

Question 37

What period is Mg in?

Answer 37

Mg is in the third period

Question 38

Explain what we mean by evaporation

Answer 38

Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid. For example, copper sulfate is soluble in water – its crystals dissolve in water to form copper sulfate solution. During evaporation, the water evaporates away leaving solid copper sulfate crystals behind.

Question 39

Alkali metals are shiny when they are first cut. Why do they go dull quickly?

Answer 39

Alkali metals go dull quickly because they react with oxygen to make a dull oxide layer.

Question 40

Explain what we mean by a neutron

Answer 40

Neutrons have no electrical charge; they are neutral.

Question 41

Describe 3 things you would see if you put an alkali metal into water with universal indicator in it.

Answer 41

1. The metal floats
2. The metal fizzes as hydrogen gas is given off and can catch fire with a characteristic coloured flame.
3. Universal indicator turns from green to purple

Question 42

Explain what we mean by a compound

Answer 42

Compounds are chemicals made from atoms of different elements joined by chemical bonds. They can only be separated by a chemical reaction.

Question 43

Name the colours of Li, Na and K in group 1 flame tests

Answer 43

Red = Lithium (Li)
Orange = Sodium (Na)
Lilac = Potassium (K)

Question 44

I have the electron configuration of 2,8,8,1. Who am I?

Answer 44

I am potassium

Question 45

Explain what we mean by distillation

Answer 45

Simple distillation is a method for separating the solvent from a solution. For example, water can be separated from salt solution by simple distillation. This method works because water has a much lower boiling point than salt. When the solution is heated, the water evaporates. It is then cooled and condensed into a separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so it stays behind.

Question 46

Explain what we mean by electron shells

Answer 46

Electrons are arranged in different shells around the nucleus. The innermost shell - or lowest energy shell - is filled first. Each succeeding shell can only hold a certain number of electrons before it becomes full. The innermost shell can hold a maximum of two electrons, the second shell a maximum of eight, and so on.

Question 47

Why do the substances separate in a chromatogram? A The solvent dissolves the substances and carries them up the paper. B Some of the substances evaporate before the others.C The solvent carries the substances at different speeds.D The solvent evaporates at different points up the chromatogram.

Answer 47

Answer C: Substances separate in a chromatogram because the solvent carries the substances at different speeds.

Question 48

Explain what we mean by a proton.

Answer 48

Protons and neutrons have the same mass, which is about 2,000 times larger than the mass of an electron.Protons and electrons have an electrical charge. This electrical charge is the same size for both, but protons are positive and electrons are negative.

Question 49

Does filtering separate option A, B, C or D? A a liquid from a solution B two solids in a mixture C a solid from a liquid D two liquids in a mixture.

Answer 49

Filtering separates C a solid from a liquid

Question 50

Name the most and least reactive alkali metal.

Answer 50

Lithium is the least reactive alkali metal and francium is the most reactive. Reactivity increases as you go down the group.

Question 51

Explain what we mean by atomic mass

Answer 51

The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons it contains. The mass number of an atom is never smaller than the atomic number. It can be the same, but is usually bigger.

Question 52

If it has gained electrons an atom will become a ….

Answer 52

If it has gained electrons an atom will become a negative ion

Question 53

Why is the mass number of chlorine a decimal?

Answer 53

Because there are 2 isotopes of chlorine and they are both represented on the periodic table by their average value.

Question 54

When would fractional distillation be used?

Answer 54

Fractional distillation is used when the liquids are miscible. This means they mix together completely.

Question 55

What is an isotope?

Answer 55

In an isotope the atomic number remains the same (so it is the same (element) but the mass number changes. This is because the nucleus contains more/less neutrons.

Question 56

Explain what we mean by the atomic number

Answer 56

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons it contains. All the atoms of a particular element have the same atomic number (number of protons). The atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. For example, all oxygen atoms have 8 protons and all sodium atoms have 11 protons.

Question 57

Explain what we mean by a group on the periodic table

Answer 57

On the periodic table the vertical columns are calledgroups. If you look at their electrons you will find that group 1 elements have 1 electron on their outer shell, group 2 will have 2 outer electrons etc. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties - they are like a family!

Question 58

What experiment did Rutherford do to prove that Thomson’s plum pudding model was wrong?

Answer 58

Rutherford noticed the unexpected results when alpha particles were sent through a thin gold foil. A few obviously hit something large inside the atom because they were knocked backwards. He called this large obstacle the nucleus. Others flew straight through showing that the atom was mainly empty space. And another few veered off course as they were repelled by the positive nucleus.

Question 59

If it has lost electrons an atom will become a ….

Answer 59

If it has lost electrons an atom will become a positive ion

Question 60

What is an ion?

Answer 60

An atom which has lost or gained electrons and so carries a charge.

Question 61

What is the maximum number of electrons in each shell /orbit

Answer 61

Ist shell 2 electrons
2nd shell 8 electrons
3rd shell 8 electrons
4th shell 2 electrons

Question 62

Explain what we mean by an atom.

Answer 62

All substances are made of tiny particles called atoms. Until 150 years ago scientists thought that they were little round spheres. Now we know that atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons.