Chapter 2: Mendelian Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Mendel chose to study pea plants?

A

Their ability to carry out self-fertlization or cross fertlization

Several varieties which a character existed in two distinct variants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A Punnett square is used to predict the outcome of a __-__ cross and __-__ experiment

A

single-factor; self-fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were the three key ideas Mendel proposed regarding inheritance?

A

Traits may be dominant or recessive
Genes are passed unaltered from generation to generation
Law of segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Law of Segregation.

A

two copies of a gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the Law of Independent Assortment

A

Two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A Punnett square can also be used to predict the outcomes of a __ factor cross

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which method should you use for solving the outcomes of crosses involving three or more genes?

A

forked-line methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the product rule.

A

finds the probability that two or more independent outcomes will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The binomial expansion equation is used to predict the probability of?

A

a given set of two unordered outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the chi square test used for?

A

To determine the validity of a hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two most prominent theories of inheritance that have been proposed?

A

Theory of Pangenesis
Theory of Preformationism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Theory of Pangenesis?

A

genetic information (gemmules) travel from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs where it is transferred to gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Theory of Preformationism?

A

homonuculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blending theory states that?

A

hereditary traits can blend together generation after generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mendel chose to study _ different traits

A

seven

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between cross-fertilization and self-fertilization?

A

cross: pollen and egg from different plants
Self: pollen and egg from same plant

17
Q

Mendel found a : ration when performing a monohybrid cross.

A

3:1

18
Q

Mendel’s data suggested which theory?

A

Particulate theory of inheritance

19
Q

What did Mendel postulate after the 3:1 ratio monohybrid cross?

A

two discrete hereditary factors (alleles) from each parent
may be homo or hetero
can be dom or recessive
law of segregation
randomized process

20
Q

Define a genotype

A

specific allelic composition of an individual (i.e. TT; Tt; tt)

21
Q

Define a phenotype

A

the physical appearance of an individual
(i.e tall or short)

22
Q

The phenotype is a product of the __ and the __

A

genotype; environment

23
Q

How did Mendel verify his principle of segregation?

A

Test cross

24
Q

Describe a test cross

A

an organism w a known phenotype but unknown genotype is crossed w an organism that has the recessive phenotype (homo recess)

25
Q

What is the predicted phenotypic ratio of independent assortment?

A

9:3:3:1

26
Q

Define a loss-of-function allele

A

an allele that encodes an RNA or protien that is nonfunctional or compromised in function

27
Q

What is the benefit of loss-of-function alleles?

A

Modern genetic testing/ understanding

28
Q

What is the one caveat to using the forked line method?

A

genes must not be linked

29
Q

If n=# of heteroxygous gene pairs involved

Number of possible gametes =

Number of different genotypes in zygotes=

Number of different phenotypes in zygotes=

Proportion of homozygous recessive in F2=

A

2^n

3^n

2^n

(1/4)^n

30
Q

The product rule deals with __ events

A

independent

31
Q

The sum rule deals with __ events

A

mutually-exclusie

32
Q

How can I use the sum rule if two events are not mutually exclusive?

A

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - [P(A) x P(B)]

33
Q

The 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 rations are based on what four assumptions?

A

Dominance/ recessiveness of alleles
Complete segregation
Independent assortment
Random fertilization

34
Q

What is the chi-square test used for?

A

determines ‘goodness of fit’

35
Q

A low chi square value indicates a __ probability that the observed deviations could be due to random chance alone

A

high

36
Q

A high chi square value indicates a __ probability that the observed deviations are due to random chance alone

A

high