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AP US History > Unit 4/5 Test > Flashcards

Unit 4/5 Test Flashcards

1
Q

12th amendment

A

allowed electors to vote for a party ticket, meaning the runner-up in a presidential election was no longer appointed vice president

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2
Q

Jeffersonian Republicanism

A

nation governed by middle- and upper-class property owners; government is only as large as necessary

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3
Q

Midnight appointments

A

before Adams left office, he filled as many government positions with Federalists as he could; Jefferson refused to recognize these appointments

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4
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

William Marbury sues James Madison for not certifying his appointment; Chief Justice John Marshall rules that Marbury has a right to his position but that the court cannot enforce this right; establishes judicial review

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5
Q

Judicial review

A

the right of the Supreme Court to review or challenge the constitutionality of executive, legislative, or administrative acts; established by John Marshall in 1803 through Marbury v. Madison

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6
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to purchase New Orleans for $2 million; France offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million in order to fund Napoleon’s army

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7
Q

Essex Junto

A

a group of New England Federalists who planned to secede from the United States after the Louisiana Purchase

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8
Q

Lewis and Clark Expedition

A

exploration of the trans-Mississippi West led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark; led to stronger US claims to the Oregon Territory and improved relations with Native Americans

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9
Q

Embargo Act of 1807

A

shut down America’s import/export business, severely damaging the US economy (especially in the New England states, which were reliant on foreign trade)

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10
Q

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

A

reopened trade with most nations except for Britain and France, the US’s two most significant trade partners

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11
Q

Macon’s Bill No. 2

A

reopened trade with France and England, promising that if one country renounced its interference with American trade then the other would be cut off

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12
Q

War Hawks

A

Democratic Republicans led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who sought war with Britain

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13
Q

Hartford Convention

A

Federalists met in Connecticut to discuss major Constitutional changes/possible secession in response to the War of 1812; eventually caused the demise of the Federalists since they were seen as traitors

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14
Q

Henry Clay’s American System

A

work towards national growth that was lobbied for by Henry Clay; protective tariffs on imports, improvements to interstate roads, rechartering of the National Bank

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15
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

a time of brief unification for the country after the demise of the Federalists; ended with the election of John Quincy Adams in 1824

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16
Q

McCulloch v. Maryland

A

John Marshall rules that states could not tax the national bank, establishing the precedence of federal law over state law

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17
Q

Panic of 1819

A

financial scare caused by the National Bank tightening credit to repay war debt; resulted in a sharp increase of bankruptcies, unemployment, and debt imprisonments

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18
Q

John Quincy Adams

A

6th president of the US; Secretary of State under James Madison; former Federalist

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19
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

policy of mutual noninterference between Europe and the Americas; claimed America’s right to intervene anywhere in the Western hemisphere if it felt that its security was threatened

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20
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

admitted Missouri as a slave state and carved out a portion of Massachusetts to form Maine, a free state; drew a line along the 36th parallel and prevented slavery in those states above the line

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21
Q

Coffin Handbill

A

accused Andrew Jackson of murdering his men during the Indian wars

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22
Q

Spoils system

A

trading jobs for political favors (“to the victor go the spoils”); demonstrated by Jackson replacing many government officials with his political supporters after being elected

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23
Q

Jacksonian Democracy

A

political philosophy that restructured a number of federal institutions and extended voting rights to most white men over 21; replaced Jeffersonian Democracy

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24
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

forced resettlement of thousands of Native Americans; ordered by Jackson and passed by Congress in 1830

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25
Q

Trail of Tears

A

forced relocation of thousands of Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma lasting from 1835 to 1838; thousands died of sickness/starvation

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26
Q

Nullification

A

individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them to be unconstitutional

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27
Q

Tariff of Abominations

A

protective tariff passed during the Adams administration that became a point of interest during the nullification debate

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28
Q

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A

published anonymously by John C. Calhoun; argued that states who felt the 50% tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law

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29
Q

Tariff of 1832

A

meant to solve the Tariff of Abominations but failed to lower rates; both were later nullified and South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs

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30
Q

Force Bil

A

Jackson’s reaction to the South Carolina resolution; authorized the president to use whatever force he deemed necessary to enforce federal tariffs

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31
Q

Specie Circular

A

ended the government policy of selling land on credit; preferred “hard cash” (gold & silver) due to Jackson’s distrust of paper money

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32
Q

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A

an uprising of slaves in Virginia led by enslaved preacher Nat Turner in which 50 whites were killed

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33
Q

Slave codes

A

restrictive laws preventing Black people from congregating and learning how to read; government response to Nat Turner’s Rebellion

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34
Q

Whigs

A

political party most notable for their opposition to one or more of the Democrat’s policies

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35
Q

Martin Van Buren

A

8th president of the US (Jackson’s 2nd vice president); took over during the panic of 1837

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36
Q

Panic of 1837

A

financial crisis that lasted until the mid 1840s; caused by Jackson’s Specie Circular and distrust of paper money

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37
Q

William Henry Harrison

A

first Whig president elected in 1841; “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign; died of pneumonia 30 days in office

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38
Q

John Tyler

A

took over after Harrison’s death and was known as the “president without a party” because he vetoed numerous Whig bills despite being a Whig himself

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39
Q

Boom-and-bust cycles

A

alternating phases of economic growth and decline

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40
Q

Cotton gin

A

invented by Eli Whitney; sped up cotton processing by enabling quicker removal of seeds; led to a sharp increase in slavery dependency in the South

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41
Q

Interchangeable parts

A

invented by Eli Whitney; products are made with the same parts; boosted mass production + manufacturing by making construction/repairs easier

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42
Q

Machine-tool industry

A

produced specialized machines for growing industries like textiles and transportation

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43
Q

Assembly line production

A

dividing the labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker one task

44
Q

Samuel Slater

A

“Father of the American Industrial Revolution;” designed the first American textile mills

45
Q

Lowell system

A

guaranteed employees housing and cash wages to entice workers to come work in their factories

46
Q

National Road

A

spanned Maryland, West Virginia, and Ohio; made east-west travel easier

47
Q

Erie Canal

A

constructed in 1825; linked the Great Lakes region to New York and thus to European shipping routes

48
Q

Canal Era

A

era in which other regions tried to duplicate the success of the Erie Canal; ended in 1850 as railroads developed and became more convenient for travel

49
Q

Telegraph

A

primitive telephone system in which people communicated though Morse code; first method of long-distance communication

50
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

widely-held American belief in a God-given right to the Western territories

51
Q

Battle of the Alamo

A

13-day siege in 1836; Mexican troops led by Santa Anna reclaim the Alamo Mission in San Antonio de Bexar, killing most of the Texians and Tejanos inside

52
Q

Gold rush

A

discovery of gold in the Caifornia mountains in 1848 caused over 100,000 people to make their way to the state in just 2 years

53
Q

Cult of Domesticity

A

the notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children

54
Q

Southern paternalism

A

the belief that the slave system benefited all its participants, even enslaved people

55
Q

Forty-Niners

A

prospectors in the California gold rush of 1849

56
Q

Squatters

A

settlers who ignored the requirement to buy land; moved onto unoccupied tracts and claimed them for their own

57
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

period of religious revival in the 1820s and 30s among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists; saw the creation of many new denominations like Evangelicals and Mormons

58
Q

Temperance movement

A

social movement promoting complete abstinence from the consumption of alcohol; some societies sought outright prohibition of liquor

59
Q

Transcendentalists

A

nonconformist Unitarian writers/philosophers who drew inspiration from European romanticism; known for writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

60
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

passed through Congress in 5 separate bills; admitted California as a free state, established popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession, outlawed the slave trade in Washington DC, established a stronger Fugitive Slave Law

61
Q

Fugitive Slave Law

A

passed by Congress as a part of the Compromise of 1850; required that all escaped slaves be returned to their owners and required citizens to hunt them down, even in free states

62
Q

Seneca Falls Convention

A

women’s rights convention held in New York in 1848; organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott and considered the birth of the women’s rights movement

63
Q

National Woman Suffrage Association

A

founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869; wanted a constitutional amendment to secure votes for women

64
Q

Horace Mann

A

secretary on the Massachusetts Board of Education; pushed for public education reform

65
Q

American Colonization Society

A

antislavery group established in 1816 that sought to repatriate enslaved people to the newly formed country of Liberia

66
Q

Gag rule

A

adopted by Congress from 1836-44 to suppress discussion of the slavery issue and prevented Congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery

67
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

former enslaved person who gained fame as a writer and advocate of freedom; began publishing his abolitionist newspaper The North Star in the 1840s

68
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

escaped slavery and returned south repeatedly to help more than 300 enslaved people escape via the underground railroad

69
Q

Underground railroad

A

network of hiding places and “safe” trails utilized by enslaved people escaping their masters

70
Q

James K. Polk

A

11th president of the US; nominated as a “dark horse” by the Democrats

71
Q

Polk’s Four Goals

A

acquire Oregon Territory from the British; acquire California from the Mexicans; lower tariffs; establish an independent treasury

72
Q

Oregon Treaty

A

signed with Great Britain in 1846; established a northern border with Canada and allowed the US to acquire Oregon, Washington, and parts of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana

73
Q

Mexican-American War

A

began in 1846 and ended in 1848; territorial conflict caused by the US seeking to obtain Mexican land

74
Q

Slave Power

A

what Northerners use to refer to the Southern slaveholders who were allegedly pulling the strings behind the Mexican-American War

75
Q

Wilmot Proviso

A

proposed Congressional bill preventing the extension of slavery into any territory gained from Mexico; did not pass through Congress

76
Q

Free-Soil Party

A

single-issue party opposed to the spread of slavery; didn’t want to compete with Black people for labor in the new territories

77
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

A

ended the Mexican-American War in 1848 and gave almost all of the modern Southwest to the US

78
Q

Mexican Cession

A

region in the Southwest that was ceded to the US after the Mexican-American War; US paid $15 million for Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, and Utah

79
Q

Gadsden Purchase

A

US purchases land in southern regions of Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million to build a transcontinental railroad

80
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

territories decide by vote whether or not to allow slavery within their borders

81
Q

Stephen Douglas

A

Democrat politician from Illinois who designed the Kansas-Nebraska Act; lost to Lincoln in the 1860 presidential race

82
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

antislavery novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852; set the framework for the Civil War

83
Q

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A

created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and established popular sovereignty, drawing in both pro and antislavery groups & resulting in Bleeding Kansas

84
Q

Republicans

A

political party of antislavery Whigs, northern Democrats, and former Free-Soilers; dominant in the North as opposed to the Southern Democrats

85
Q

Border Ruffians

A

pro-slavery Missourians who temporarily relocated to Kansas to sway popular sovereignty in their favor

86
Q

John Brown

A

radical American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow slavery in the United States

87
Q

Bleeding Kansas

A

a series of violent political confrontations between the antislavery “Free-Staters” and the pro-slavery “Border Ruffians” between 1854 and 1861

88
Q

Sumner-Brooks Incident

A

Preston Brooke, nephew of pro-slavery Senator Andrew Butler, beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner over the head with a cane after a speech in which Sumner attacked both the South and Butler

89
Q

James Buchanan

A

15th president of the US elected in 1856 by the Democrats

90
Q

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A

landmark case in which Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney ruled that Black people were not US citizens and thus could not sue in federal court; nullified the Missouri Compromise and Kansas-Nebraska Act

91
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

16th president of the US elected in 1860; took over at the beginning of the Civil War and emancipated enslaved people

92
Q

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A

series of 7 debates between Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln and Democrat incumbent Stephen Douglas for the Illinois Senate seat (also known as the Great Debates of 1858)

93
Q

Harper’s Ferry Raid

A

failed attempt by John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over the US arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA

94
Q

Confederate States of America

A

after South Carolina’s secession from the Union, six other states joined to form this coalition

95
Q

Jefferson Davis

A

president of the Confederacy during the Civil War

96
Q

Greenbacks

A

fiat (not backed by gold or silver) paper money issued by the US government during the Civil War;

97
Q

Homestead Act

A

US federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land (homestead) at little or no cost

98
Q

Anaconda Plan

A

planned blockade of Southern ports that called for an advance down the Mississippi River, cutting the South in two

99
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army was defeated, preventing them from expanding the Confederacy to Northern states

100
Q

Battle of Vicksburg

A

battle in which the North captured the last hold of the South on the Mississippi River, gaining control of the region and splitting the South

101
Q

Sherman’s March

A

led by the Union’s General Sherman across the South using scorch earth warfare; high point was the burning of Atlanta

102
Q

Habeas corpus

A

legal concept that one is innocent until proven guilty; Lincoln suspended this right during the Civil war to arrest anti-Union/pro-Confederate advocates

103
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

presidential proclamation/executive order enacted by Lincoln on January 1, 1863 that freed over 3 million enslaved people in the United States

104
Q

13th amendment

A

outlawed slavery in the United States

105
Q

Draft riots

A

violent disturbances in New York City as a result of working-class discontent with the draft requiring them to serve in the Civil War

AP US History (4 decks)

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