Ophthalmology

Question 1

What is the macula?

Answer 1

part of the retina that allows for clearest vision (visual acuity and color vision)

Question 2

Where are rod cells located and what are they responsible for?

Answer 2

Most densely located within the outer edges of the retina; assist with low light vision, such as at night and peripheral vision

Question 3

Where are cone cells located and what are they responsible for?

Answer 3

Most densely located in the macula; assist with central and color vision

Question 4

What are different types of ophthalmic exams and testing?

Answer 4

Visual acuity exam, fundus exxam, electroretinogram (ERG), multifocal ERG (mfERG), Goldmann Visual Field (GVF), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiogram (FA)

Question 5

What is a fundus exam?

Answer 5

Looks at the back of the eye for abnormal vessels or pigmentation

Question 6

What is an electroretinogram used for?

Answer 6

To see how photoreceptors are reacting to light

Question 7

What is a multifocal ERG used for?

Answer 7

to look at different parts of the retina

Question 8

What is a Goldmann Visual Field used for?

Answer 8

to assess for peripheral vision loss

Question 9

What is optical coherence tomography used for?

Answer 9

kind of like an ultrasound for the eye-can look at the architecture of the retina - looking for a bubble

Question 10

What is fluorescein angiogram used for?

Answer 10

injects a dye into the vein to look for defects in the vessels

Question 11

What is the hallmark of Best Disease?

Answer 11

Egg yolk appearance of macula
trouble with central vision and distortion of objects
juvenile form of macular dystrophy

Question 12

What are some characteristics of Stargardt disease?

Answer 12

Most common inherited macular dystrophy
Decreased visual acuity, loss of central and decreased color vision due to damage of cone cells
yellow flecks around macula

Question 13

What are some characteristics of choroideremia?

Answer 13

first sign is usually night blindness
loss of peripheral vision and poor depth perception develops as condition progresses

Question 14

What are some characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa?

Answer 14

First sign is usually night blindness
loss of peripheral vision and poor depth perception as condition progresses
involves cone death leading to decreased color vision and central acuity

Question 15

What is a behavioral characteristic of Leber Congenital Amaurosis?

Answer 15

Franceschetti’s oculo-digital sign (patients will poke eyes)

Question 16

What are cataracts?

Answer 16

clouding of the lens of the eye

Question 17

What are some characteristics of primary congenital glaucoma?

Answer 17

increased intraocular pressure, enlargement of globe, edema and opacification of the cornea

Question 18

What are some clinical characteristics of age related macular degeneration?

Answer 18

affects central vision (reading/driving)

Question 19

What are some characteristic eye findings and their respective diseases?

Answer 19

CHRPE-FAP
Kayser-Fleischer rings-Wilson disease
stellate irides-Williams syndrome
retinal lacunae-Aicardi syndrome
coloboma-CHARGE syndrome
corneal clouding-MPS disorders
heterochromia-Waardenburg syndrome
Cherry red spot-Tay-sachs and other metabolic diseases
retinal detachment-Stickler syndrome
ectopia lentis-Marfan, homocystinuria

Question 20

What are some clinical characteristics of Lowe syndrome?

Answer 20

congenital cataracts, hypotonia, developmental delay, absent deep tendon reflexes
short stature, dental cysts

Question 21

What are some clinical characteristics of WAGR syndrome?

Answer 21

Wilms tumors, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies (cryptorchidism, uterine abnormalities, hypospadias, and others)

Question 22

What are some clinical characteristics of Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy?

Answer 22

begins with blurry central vision (subacute bilateral vision loss)
mild neuro symptoms - tremor, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, movement disorders)
mitochondrial inheritance

Question 23

What are some clinical characteristics of optic atrophy type 1?

Answer 23

progressive bilateral vision loss with decreased visual acuity, visual field defects, and color deficits
can lead to SNHL