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anatomy & physiology > Chapter 7: Bones & Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Bones & Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

bone functions

A
  • shape
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • electrolyte balance
  • blood production
  • acid-base balance
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2
Q

shape

A

bones give the body its structure

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3
Q

support

A

the bones of the legs, pelvis, and vertebral column support the body and hold it upright

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4
Q

protection

A

bones protect delicate internal organs (heart, lungs, brain, spinal cord, etc)

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5
Q

movement

A

the interaction between muscles and bones gives us the ability to move our arms and legs and breath

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6
Q

electrolyte balance

A

bones store and release minerals (ie calcium & phosphorus) necessary for chemical reactions throughout the body

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7
Q

blood production

A

bones encase blood marrow, a major site of blood cell formation

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8
Q

acid-base balance

A

bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH

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9
Q

strength

A

bone is as strong as steel and as light as aluminum

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10
Q

long bones

A
  • long axis
  • longer than they are wide
  • work like levers to move limbs
  • ex. femur, humerus
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11
Q

short bones

A
  • about as broad as they are long
  • tend to be shaped like cubes
  • ex. carpal bones (wrist) and tarsal bones (ankle)
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12
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, flat, often curved
  • protect organs
  • skull, ribs, breastbone
  • some provide large surface area for attachment of muscles (like shoulder blades)
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13
Q

irregular bones

A
  • often clustered in groups
  • various sized and shapes
  • ex. vertebrae and facial bones
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14
Q

epiphysis

A
  • the head of each end of a long bone
  • its bulbous structure strengthens the joint
  • allows an expanded area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments
  • made of porous-looking spongy bone
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15
Q

diaphysis

A
  • the central shaft-like portion of the bone
  • a hollow cylinder
  • made up of thick, compact bone
  • strong enough to support a large amount of weight
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16
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • covers the surface of the epiphysis
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage
  • this cartilage (along with a lubricating fluid) eases the movement of the bone within a joint
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17
Q

medullary cavity

A

the central hollow portion of a bone

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18
Q

endosteum

A

a thin epithelial membrane that lines the inside of the medullary cavity

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19
Q

periosteum

A
  • a dense, fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis
  • some fibers penetrate the bone, making sure the membrane stays firmly anchored
  • other fibers weave together with the fibers of tendons
  • ensures a strong connection between muscle and bone
  • contains bone-forming cells and blood vessels
  • crucial for bone survival
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20
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • present in growing children
  • aka “growth plate”
  • a layer of cartilage that separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis at each end of a long bone
  • replaced by an epiphyseal line once growth stops
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21
Q

osteomyelitis

A
  • an inflammation of bone and marrow
  • usually the result of a bacterial infection
  • bone infections are difficult to treat and usually require prolonged IV antibiotics
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22
Q

osteoblasts

A

help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bone’s matrix

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23
Q

osteoclasts

A

dissolve unwanted or unhealthy bone

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24
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature osteoblasts
  • have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix
  • have a dual role
  • some dissolve bone
  • some deposit new bone
  • contribute to the maintenance of bone density
  • assist with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphate
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25
Q

bone composition

A
  • bone is osseous tissue
  • consists of cells, collagen fibers, and crystalline salts (primarily calcium and phosphate)
  • hard and calcified
  • bone cells include osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
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26
Q

tensile strength

A
  • bone’s resistance to stretching forces
  • due to collagen fibers in the matrix
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27
Q

compressional strength

A
  • bone’s resistance to squeezing forces
  • due to calcium salts
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28
Q

torsional strength

A
  • bone lacks the ability to resist twisting
  • most fractures occur when torsional forces are exerted on an arm or leg
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29
Q

weight-bearing exercise

A
  • when bone experiences an increase in load, osteocytes trigger the growth of new bone
  • makes bones stronger
  • lifting weights is ideal for those at risk for osteoporosis
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30
Q

heredity

A

everyone inherits a specific set of genes that determines their maximum height potential

31
Q

nutrition

A
  • malnourished children grow slowly and may not reach full height potential
  • nutrients are essential for proper bone growth
    • calcium, phosphorous, vitamins D, C, & A
32
Q

hormones

A
  • contribute to proper bone growth
    • growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid
      hormone, insulin, estrogen, testosterone
33
Q

exercise

A

without adequate physical stress, bone destruction will outpace bone creation

34
Q

spongy bone

A
  • aka “cancellous bone”
  • light and porous
  • found in the ends of long bones and in the middle of most other bones
  • always surrounded by more durable compact bone
  • consists of latticework (trabeculae)
  • ## cavities between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow (supplies spongy bone with blood and produces blood cells)
35
Q

compact bone

A
  • dense, solid, and strong
  • forms shafts of long bones and the outer surfaces of other bones
  • has an elaborate network of canals and passageways (containing nerves and blood vessels)
  • layers of matrix are arranged in onion-like rings (lamellae) around a central canal (haversian/osteonic canal)
  • supply of oxygen and nutrients allow bone injuries to heal quickly
36
Q

lacunae

A
  • the tiny gaps between rings of the lamellae
  • contain osteocytes
37
Q

canaliculi

A
  • microscopic passageways
  • connect the lamellae to each other
38
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A
  • transverse passageways
  • connect the haversian canals
  • canals transport blood and nutrients from the bone’s exterior to the osteocytes locked inside
39
Q

lamellae

A
  • organization of the matrix of compact bone
  • concentric, onion-like rings around a canal
40
Q

haversian/osteonic canal

A
  • run through the length of a bone
  • contain blood vessels and nerves
41
Q

osteon

A
  • the basic structural unit of a compact bone
  • lamellae around an osteonic canal
42
Q

bone marrow

A
  • a type of soft tissue
  • fills the medullary cavity of long bones and spaces of spongy bone
  • red or yellow
43
Q

red bone marrow

A
  • produces red blood cells
  • contained by nearly all of a child’s bones
  • only found in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, upper humerus, upper thigh of an adult
44
Q

yellow bone marrow

A
  • saturated with fat
  • gradually replaces red marrow
  • no longer produces blood cells
  • in cases of severe blood loss or anemia, yellow marrow can change back into red marrow
45
Q

ossification

A
46
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
47
Q

endochondral ossification

A
48
Q

bone lengthening

A
49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
50
Q

epiphyseal line

A
51
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A
52
Q

bone widening and thickening

A
53
Q

resorption

A
54
Q

ossification

A
55
Q

bone remodeling

A
56
Q

osteoporosis

A
57
Q

bone health and the microbiome

A
58
Q

bone fracture

A
59
Q

closed reduction

A
60
Q

open reduction

A
61
Q

pathologic fracture

A
62
Q

simple fracture

A
63
Q

compound fracture

A
64
Q

greenstick fracture

A
65
Q

comminuted fracture

A
66
Q

spiral fracture

A
67
Q

fracture locations and age

A
68
Q

fracture repair

A
69
Q

orthopedics

A
70
Q

fontanels

A
  • “soft spots”
  • at birth, part of a newborn’s skull still consists of fibrous connective tissue
  • allow for safe compression of the fetus’s head while passing through the birth canal
  • allows the skull to expand readily as the brain grows
  • skull is completely ossified by age 2
71
Q

trabeculae

A
  • the latticework of bone in spongy bone
  • adds strength without adding weight
  • arranged along the lines of greatest stress to offer maximum strength
  • if the stress on a bone changes, the trabeculae will realign themselves to compensate
72
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • type of irregular bone
  • small bones embedded in tendons
  • ex. kneecap
73
Q

smallest bone

A

the smallest bone in the body is 3mm long and found in the ear

anatomy & physiology (20 decks)

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