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nutrition unit 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main tissue types in the body

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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2
Q

what tissue lines the digestive tract

A

epithelial

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3
Q

what is digestion (mechanical and chemical)

A

the mechanical or chemical breakdown of large ingested molecules into small (microscopic) absorbable molecules

mechanical = chewing, muscle movements of the tract

chemical = hydrolysis, enzyme breakdown

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4
Q

what is absorption

A

the passage of digested molecules across the digestive tract into the inside of the body

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5
Q

what is the difference between digestion and absorption

A

digestion is the PROCESS of breaking foods into their building blocks by mechanical or chemical processes while absorption is the ASSIMILATION of nutrients into the bloodstream

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6
Q

why is the GI tract an important rule in immunity?
and where do digestion and absorption occur?

A

the tube from the mouth to the anus is EXTERNAL to the human body UNTIL it is absorbed

think of the body as a DONUT

it is important from an immune perspective as pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) are kept “outside” while traveling through the GI tract

digestion occurs WITHIN the tube

absorption occurs ACROSS the tube

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7
Q

what is the flow of digestion

A
  1. pre-ingestion (marinating, tenderizing, etc)
  2. mouth
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine and accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
  6. large intestine
  7. rectum
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8
Q

what are the functions of the mouth and salivary glands

A
  1. prepare food for swallowing: chewing, moistening with saliva
  2. detect taste molecules
  3. START digestion of starch with AMYLASE enzyme
  4. START digestion of fat with LIPASE
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9
Q

what are the functions of the esophagus

A

moves food to stomach by peristaltic waves initiated by swallowing

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10
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A
  1. secrets gastric juice containing acid, enzymes, hormones
  2. mixes food with gastric juice, converting it to liquid chyme
  3. STARTS digestion of PROTEIN and FAT
  4. kills microorganisms with acid
  5. secretes intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B12 absorption
  6. slowly releases chyme into small intestine
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11
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

produces bile to aid FAT digestion AND absorption

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12
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the small intestine

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13
Q

what is the function of the pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine

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14
Q

what are the functions of the small intestine

A
  1. mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice to COMPLETE digestion
  2. secretes hormones that help regulate digestive processes
  3. secretes digestive enzymes
  4. absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods
  5. transports remaining residue to large intestine
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15
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine (colon)

A
  1. absorbs water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium)
  2. forms and stores feces
  3. houses most of the gut microbiota
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16
Q

what is the function of the rectum

A

holds and expels feces via the anus

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17
Q

where are carbs digested

A

the mouth

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18
Q

where are carbs absorbed

A

small intestine

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19
Q

what enzyme digests carbs

A

amylase

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20
Q

where are fats digested and by what enzyme

A

small intestine and by lipase

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21
Q

where are proteins digested and by what enzyme

A

stomach and by pepsin

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22
Q

what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

A

mechanic digestion refers to the process of PHYSICAL breakdown of foods into smaller particles

chemical digestion refers to the process of CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN of foods especially by the enzymes into smaller substances that can be absorbed

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23
Q

where do we see chemical digestion

A

in the mouth (salivary enzymes and water)

in the stomach (stomach enzymes and water)

small intestine (intestinal enzymes, accessory organ enzymes and water)

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24
Q

where do we see mechanical digestion

A

the mouth (chewing)

esophagus (minimal, via peristalsis)

in the stomach (mixing)

small intestine (mixing and peristalsis)

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25
Q

what is bolus and where is it formed

A

bolus is the food chewed up, and is formed in the mouth then is swallowed

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26
Q

what is chyme and where is it formed

A

food after it becomes a liquid substance in the stomach

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27
Q

why do secretions need to be tightly regulated

A

stomach acid (HCL) will digest the stomach lining

protein digesting enzyme could target body proteins if not controlled

basically to prevent the body from degrading the useful and necessary parts of itself

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28
Q

why do enzymes need to be tightly controlled?

A

enzymes break down fats and some proteins and human cell walls are made of fats and proteins

basically to protect the body’s necessary parts

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29
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a protein that helps speed up chemical reactions

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30
Q

what is the first sphincter, where is it located, and what is it’s function

A

lower esophageal sphincter

at the end of the esophagus and into the stomach

prevents back flow (reflux) of stomach contents back into esophagus

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31
Q

what is the second sphincter, where is it located, and what is its function

A

pyloric sphincter

at the end of the stomach into the small intestine

controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

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32
Q

what is the third sphincter, where is it located, and what is its function

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter (aka sphincter of Oddi)

controls where accessory organs dump into the small intestine

from told the flow i’d bile abs pancreatic juice from the common bile and pancreatic ducts into the small intestine

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33
Q

what is the fourth sphincter, where is it located, and what is its function

A

illeocecal sphincter

at the end of the small intestine into the large intestine

prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

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34
Q

what is the fifth and final sphincter, where is located and what is its function

A

anal sphincters (internal and external)

at the end of the anus to the outside of the body

prevents defecation until person desires to do so

(external is controlled voluntarily & internal is involuntarily controlled)

35
Q

what condition can result if the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes/malfunctions?

A

GERD (gastroesophegeal reflux disease)

where the contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus AKA heartburn

can happen from large meals, caffeinated drinks, fatty and fried foods, garlic, spicy foods and tomato based foods

36
Q

what are the 3 GI motilities

A

peristalsis

mass movements

segmentation

37
Q

what is peristalsis and what does it do

A

coordinated waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the lining of the GI tract

it propels food through

most frequent in the small intestine

38
Q

what is mass movement

A

large peristaltic waves

occur a few times a day

the feelings we get when you have to fart. you feel it moving in your stomach

39
Q

what is segmentation and where does it occur

A

back and forth movements for mixing like “kneading”

occurs in the small intestine

40
Q

what is olfactory and why is it important in digestion

A

the sense of smell

important in digestion because it stimulates salivary glands and other digestive processes

41
Q

what is saliva

A

watery substance made by salivary glands in the mouth

contains lubricants, enzymes, and lysozymes

42
Q

what is mucus

A

thick substance made by mucous glands throughout the GI tract

43
Q

what reactions are most digestion reactions

A

hydrolysis reactions

44
Q

what are the bodies 7 secretions

A
  1. saliva
  2. mucus
  3. enzymes (lipase, protease, amylase)
  4. acid (HCL)
  5. bile
  6. bicarbonate
  7. hormones
45
Q

what ENZYMES play a role in digestion and absorption, where is their site of production, and what is their function

A

amylase - mouth, S.I, pancreas - break down carbohydrates enough for absorption

lipase - mouth, S.I, pancreas - break down fats

protease - stomach, S.I, pancreas - breaks down proteins

46
Q

where is the secretion saliva produced and what is its function

A

in the mouth

dissolves taste forming compounds; contains many compounds that aid swallowing, digestion, and protection of teeth

47
Q

where is the secretion mucus produced and what is its function

A

mouth, stomach, S.I., & L.I.

protects GI tract cells, lubricates digesting food

48
Q

where is the secretion acid HCL produced and what is its function

A

stomach

promotes digestion of protein, destroys microorganisms, increases solubility of minerals

49
Q

where is the secretion bile produced and what is its function

A

liver (stored in the gallbladder)

aids in fat digestion (emulsifies fat)

50
Q

where is the secretion bicarbonate produced and what is its function

A

pancreas, S.I

neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine

51
Q

where is the secretion hormones produced and what is its function

A

stomach, S.I, pancreas

regular food intake, digestion, and absorption

52
Q

what is trypsin

A

a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. it is secreted by the pancreas

53
Q

HCL and pepsin both do what

A

denature proteins

54
Q

what are the 5 GI hormones that control digestion

A
  1. gastrin
  2. secretin
  3. cholecystokinin (CCK)
  4. somatostatin
  5. glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
55
Q

what is the function of the gastrin hormone

A

stimulates HCL and pepsinogen

stimulates gastric and intestinal motility

56
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

a substance which is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme PEPSIN by gastric acid

57
Q

what is the function of the secretin hormone

A

stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate in response to acidic chyme in the small intestine

58
Q

what is the function of the hormone cholecystokinin

A

stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder in response to fat in the chyme

59
Q

what is the function of the hormone somatostatin

A

inhibits release of GI hormones (growth hormone, insulin, and gastrin)

slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to the intestine

60
Q

what is the function of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion

stimulates insulin release

61
Q

what are the 3 accessory organs

A

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

62
Q

where does the majority of digestion take place

A

small intestine because the pancreas and small intestine produce most of the digestive enzymes used in the body

63
Q

what does flavor consist of?

A

taste, smell and texture

64
Q

what are the 5 taste sensations

A

sweet

salty

sour

butter

umami = savory & rich (bbq sauce)

65
Q

what is intrinsic factor

A

a substance secreted by the STOMACH which enables the body to absorb vitamin B12

vitamin B12 is ONLY found in animal products so vegans should be taking a B12 supplement

66
Q

what are enterocytes and how long do they live

A

a cell of the intestinal lining

the entire supply is replaced every 2-5 days

67
Q

what are villi and microvilli and their function

A

small finger like projections located in the walls of the small intestine

to increase the surface area in order to maximize the absorption of digested food

68
Q

why are enterocytes affected by chemotherapy

A
69
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestine and where does bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the S.I?

A

1st = duodenum also where bile and P.E enter

2nd = jejunum

3rd = ileum

70
Q

what are prebiotics and examples

A

a NON digestible carbohydrate that promotes growth of beneficial microorganisms in the large intestine

they act as food for probiotics

examples: wheat, onions, garlic, asparagus and bananas

71
Q

what are probiotics

A

a microorganism introduced into the body for its beneficial qualities

beneficial bacteria

72
Q

what are the top 8 common food allergies

A
  1. milk
  2. wheat
  3. soy
  4. eggs
  5. fish
  6. shellfish
  7. peanuts
  8. tree nuts
73
Q

what is heartburn

A

has nothing to do with the heart

occasional reflux

74
Q

what is GERD

A

heartburn twice a week or more

occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes or malfunctions and lets contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus

75
Q

what are ulcers and it’s symptoms

A

erosion of the top layer of cells in the lining of the GI tract

can cause bleeding and even death

symptoms = burning pain the stomach

most often happens between meals or during the night

76
Q

what are gallstones

A

abnormal stone like mass usually of undissolved cholesterol formed in the gallbladder

can be small as a grain of sand or as big as a golf ball

77
Q

what are food intolerances

A

the inability to DIGEST a food

mainly caused by a deficiency in a digestive enzyme

associated with the GI tract

78
Q

what are food allergies

A

an IMMUNE response, often in small amounts and can be quite severe

rash, loose stools

79
Q

what is celiac disease

A

immune response to ingested gluten

propel with this disease that consume gluten damages the intestinal villi

80
Q

what is IBS?

A

irritable bowel SYNDROME

irregular bowel function (diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain)

cause is unknown - can be stress or dietary intolerances

81
Q

what is IBD and what other diseases does it associate with

A

irritable bowel disease

group of serious chronic intestinal diseases

  1. ulcerative colitis = the inflammation and ulceration in the innermost layer of the large intestine
  2. Crohn’s disease = can affect ANY part of the GI tract. the inflammation and ulceration that extends through ALL layers and not just the innermost (like ulcerative colitis)
82
Q

what are hemorrhoids

A

AKA piles

swollen veins in the rectum and anus

often associated with obesity and constipation

83
Q

what is gluten

A

a substance responsible for the elastic texture of dough

a mixture of 2 proteins

84
Q

what is the difference between celiac disease and gluten intolerance

A

celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder and gluten intolerance is a sensitivity

nutrition unit 1 (3 decks)

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