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RAD 350 - Naomi > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the quantity of matter contained in an object?

A

MASS

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2
Q

Mass of an object has ____ but not ___

A

magnitude
direction

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3
Q

Which component is unchanged regardless of its state? Weight vs Mass

A

Mass

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4
Q

What is the force that an object exerts under the influence of gravity?

A

WEIGHT

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5
Q

Kinetic energy associated with ___ & ___

A

Mass & Speed

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6
Q

Potential Energy associated with ___ & ____

A

mass & position

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7
Q

Electrical energy is when ___

A

electron moves through an electrical potential

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8
Q

Which energy is produced by an acceleration of a charge?

A

Electromagnetic energy

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9
Q

Which type of energy is done when an electron moves through electrical potential difference

A

Electrical energy

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10
Q

Rank the types of EM radiation from shortest to longest wavelength

A

cosmic rays - gamma rays - x/rays - UV light - visible light - infrared light - microwaves - radiowaves

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11
Q

Rank the types of ionizing radiation from most to least energy

A

Cosmic rays - gamma rays - x/rays - UV light

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12
Q

Which type of EM radiations have highest frequency?

A

Cosmic rays

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13
Q

Which type of EM radiation has high frequency?

A

Ionizing

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14
Q

Ionizing radiation has :
____ wavelength
____ frequency
____ energy

A

Short
High
High

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15
Q

What is EM WAVE equation? How are the components related to each other

A

c = f (λ)

f & λ are inversely proportinal

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16
Q

What is the wave-particle duality of radiation?

A

Wave & particles are interchangeable, depending on their interaction with other matters.

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17
Q

What is the equation for particle theory?

A

E = h (f)

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18
Q

Visible light behaves like a _____

A

wave

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19
Q

What is the difference b/w radiopaque and radiolucent

A

Radiopaque absorbs x-ray (metals,bone)

Radiolucent transmit x-rays (Tissues)

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20
Q

Rank the appearance of these structures on x-ray from radiolucent to radipaque
-bones, gas, tissue, metal, fat

A

gas - fat - tissue - bone - metal

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21
Q

Calculate the frequency of a gamma ray which has a wavelength of 8.10 𝑥 10 ―9 m

A

f = c/λ
f = 3 x 10^8 m/s / 8.10 x 10^-19m
f = 0.37 x 10^17 Hz

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22
Q

An X-Ray photon has a frequency of 8𝑥1012 Hz. Find its energy in eV.

A

E = h x f
E = (4.135 x 10^-15 eV/s) (8x10^12Hz)
E = 33.08 x 10^-3 eV

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23
Q

. Calculate the energy in eV of an X-Ray photon that has a wavelength of 14 𝑥 10 ―15 m:

A

f = c/λ
f = 3 x 10^8 m/s / 14x 10^-15m
f= 2.14 x 10^ 22 Hz

E = h x f
E = 8.85 x 10^7 eV

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24
Q

Every units has two parts: ___ & ___

A

magnitude and unit

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25
Q

What are the 4 quantities in radiologic science?

A
  1. absorbed dose
  2. exposure
  3. effective dose
  4. radioactivity
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26
Q

Which quantity described the induction of biological effects of radiation on human and animals?
What is the customary and SI unit?

A

Absorbed dose
RAD / Gy

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27
Q

Which quantity described the amount of radiation received by radiation workers?
What is the customary and SI unit?

A

Effective dose ( dose Equivalent )
REM / Sievert (Sv)

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28
Q

Which quantity described the intensity of radiation?
What is the customary and SI unit?

A

Exposure
Roentgen / C/kg

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29
Q

What is the customary and SI unit for radioactivity ?

A

Curie / Becquerel

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30
Q

If an atom has a shortage of electrons, which type of ion is this?

A

cation

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31
Q

If an atom has an excess of electrons, which type of ion is this?

A

Anion

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32
Q

An element can be an ___ and an ___ at the same time

A

ION
Isotope

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33
Q

What happened in ionization?

A

an electron is ejected creating an ion pair

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34
Q

What happened in excitation?

A

Electrons move to higher energy level of same atom

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35
Q

What is the antimatter is being described here: same mass as proton, but opposite charge?

A

antiproton

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36
Q

What is the antimatter is being described here: same mass as neutron, neutral charge

A

antineutron

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37
Q

What is the antimatter is being described here: same mass as an electron, but opposite charge

A

Positrons

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38
Q

If the K-shell of W has 69.5 kEV, how much energy is needed to eject electron?

A

69.5 kEV or more

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39
Q

Find the # of protons & neutrons for 14-C?

A

p: 6
n: 8

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40
Q

of orbital shells = ____ on periodic table

A

Rows

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41
Q

of orbital shells for:

Ba: __
I: ___
C:___
As: ___

A

6
5
2
4

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42
Q

List the mass number for protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

1.673 x 10 ^-27 kg
1.675 x 10 ^-27kg
9.1 x 10^-31kg

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43
Q

A radiographer’s dosimetry report is expressed in ___

A

mSv

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44
Q

According to basic principles of radiation protection, a radiographer should minimize _____

A

TIME

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45
Q

In isotope, what subatomic particle remained the same

A

Protons

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46
Q

In isobar, what is remained the same

A

atomic mass number

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47
Q

Atoms in each period have the same # of ____

A

electron shells

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48
Q

Atoms in each group have the same # of ____

A

electrons in outermost shell.

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49
Q

What is a nucleon?

A

Proton & neutron within the nucleus

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50
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy P shell?

A

72

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51
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons permitted in these shells, accordingly?
K ,L ,M ,N, O ,P

A

2,8,18,32,50,98

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52
Q

On the periodic table, the atomic number is equivalent to ____ of an element

A

of protons

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53
Q

Isotones have same number of ____

A

neutrons

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54
Q

132-Xe & 131-I are which iso__?

A

Isotones

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55
Q

The vertical groups of the periodic table containing elements with:

A

same number of valence e-

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56
Q

What is electron binding energy

A

minimum energy required to eject an electron from an atom.

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57
Q

What is the rule to determine # of electrons in particular shell?

A

2n^2

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58
Q

If n=1, which shell is it?

A

K shell

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59
Q

Alpha particles are emitted from ____

A

nuclei of heavy elements during process of radioactive decay

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60
Q

Which particles of particulate radiation contain 2 protons & 2 neutrons?

A

ALPHA

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61
Q

Which particles of particulate radiation have electrons that are emitted from within the nuclei of radioactive atoms?

A

BETA PARTICLES

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62
Q

Alpha or Beta particle is heavier?

A

Alpha

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63
Q

Which particles of particulate radiation that will not interact as strongly with their surrounding, but will penetrate matter at a greater depth?

A

BETA PARTICLES

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64
Q

Which particles of particulate radiation is more ionizing?

A

Alpha

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65
Q

Which particles of particulate radiation can be absorbed by ordinary paper?

A

ALPHA

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66
Q

Alpha particles are considered as ___ source of radiation if emitted from a radioisotope in lungs.

They can be considered as ___ source of radiation when they lose energy and penetrate less

A

internal

external

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67
Q

Rank the ionization ability of different types of radiation from least to most

A

Gamma - Beta - Alpha

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68
Q

Rank the penetrating power of different types of radiation from least to most

A

Alpha - Beta - Gamma

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69
Q

Alpha particles can be stopped by which material?

a. paper
b. aluminum
c. lead

A

Paper

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70
Q

Beta particles can be stopped by which material?

a. paper
b. aluminum
c. lead

A

Aluminum

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71
Q

Gamma rays can be stopped by which material?

a. paper
b. aluminum
c. lead

A

LEAD

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72
Q

Particles with a mass approximately equal to that of a proton but with no charge is ___

A

neutron

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73
Q

Nuclei of hydrogen atoms is ___

A

proton

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74
Q

Helium nuclei with 2 protons & 2 neutrons is ___

A

Alpha particle

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75
Q

What is decay?

A

nuclear process caused by nuclear instability and results in release of nuclear energy

76
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

transformation of one nuclear species into another

transformation of mass into energy

77
Q

What do isotopes do to maintain stability?

A

release extra energy

78
Q

Can you predict when a radioactive atom will decay?

A

NO because it is a random phenomenon

79
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

ability of nuclides to emit ionizing radiation while decaying at a constant, uncontrollable rate.

80
Q

What is half life?

A

time it takes for half of atoms to decay

81
Q

What type of radioactivity can be produced through cosmic radiation?

A

Natural occuring radionuclides (radium)

82
Q

What type of radioactivity is made by irradiation of stable form of nuclides?

A

Artifical

83
Q

What are the two decays of radioisotopes?

A

beta and positron emission

84
Q

What of the following members of the EM spectrum has the ability to ionize matter?
a. x-ray
b. radiowaves
c. microwaves
d. UV light

A

A

85
Q

A diagnostic x-ray photons has a frequency of 2.42 x 10^19 Hz. What is its wavelength

A

1.24 x 10^-11m

86
Q

A photon has a wavelength of 3 x 10^-12m. What is its frequency?

A

1 x 10^20 Hz

87
Q

What are produced from an unstable nucleus? (3)

A

Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays

88
Q

How much activity will remain in a dose of 20mCi 99m-TC after 24hours? (half-life of 99m-TC is 6hours)

A

1.25 mCi

89
Q

Parent isotope undergo ____ _____ to produce daughter isotopes and ____ to regain _____

A

radioactive decay
particles
stability

90
Q

In beta emission, neutron is transformed into ___ (4)

A

a proton, electron (beta particle), and neutrino + energy

p + e + v + energy

91
Q

What kind of decay mode is in beta emssion?

A

Isobaric decay mode

92
Q

What does it mean by isobaric decay mode in beta emission ?

A

parent and daughter are isobars (same number of atomic mass)

93
Q

What is the decay scheme for beta emission?

A

decay to the right because atomic # increased by 1

94
Q

What are the problems with beta particles? (3)

A
  1. detection & measurement
  2. can only penetrate small thicknesses
  3. difficult to detect from inside body
95
Q

Beta decay results in a daughter nucleus that is still in an excited or _____ state. What does it need to do to next?

A

metastable

decays to a more stable state by emission of gamma ray

96
Q

What is transmutation?

A

transformed of one element to another by nuclear reaction

97
Q

Which of the following emission does not result in transmutation?
a. gamma
b. beta
c. positron
d. alpha

A

A

98
Q

How many gamma emission can occur before it reaches its ground state?

A

more than one

99
Q

What is isomeric transition?

A

decay of metastable state by emission of gamma ray

100
Q

How does the nucleus decays in metastable radionuclides?

A

transfer energy to an orbital electron and then got ejected

101
Q

What radionuclide is important in nuclear medicine due to their long lifetimes and ability to separate them from parent nuclide

A

metastable
Technitium-99m

102
Q

What is being transformed and what are produced in positron emission?

A

proton is transformed into neutron, positron, neutrino and energy

103
Q

What kind of reaction is involved in positron emission that results in production of two 0.511 MeV photons ?

A

annihilation reaction

104
Q

What is annihilation reaction in positron decay?

A

positron collides with atoms to produce TWO 0.511 MeV photons

105
Q

What is decay scheme for positron emission

A

to the left because atomic # decreased by 1

106
Q

How many photons are produced per decay event

A

2

107
Q

What is electrostatics?

A

distribution and redistribution of charged electrons that are fixed or at rest

108
Q

What are the 5 laws of electrostatics

A
  1. repulsion - attraction
  2. coulomb
  3. distribution
  4. concentration
  5. movement
109
Q

What happened to charges in Repulsion-Attraction Law? creating _____

A

like charges repel
opposite charges attract

electrostatic force

110
Q

What relationship does Coulomb law describes?

A

relationship of force between two charges

111
Q

What is the equation for Coulomb Law

A

F = k (q1xq2)/ d^2

112
Q

What is the electric constant (k) in coulomb law

A

9 x 10^9 N m^2/C^2

113
Q

[Coulomb law]
The force b/w two charges is ____ to product of their magnitude
The force b/w two charges is ____ to the square of distance b/w them

A

directly proportional
inversely proportional

114
Q

[Distribution Law]
Describe the charges inside a conductor vs nonconductor

A

In a conductors, the charges are on the external surfaces

In a nonconductors, the charges are equally throughout.

115
Q

[Distribution]
Electrons can obtain maximum distance from each other when ____

A

they attempt to repel each other in a conductor

116
Q

[Concentration Law]
Where can we see the greatest concentration of charges?

A

where the curvature is sharpest

117
Q

{movement law]
Is positive or negative charged move along solid conductors?

A

negative

118
Q

What is electrification

A

process of electrons charged being added to or substracted from an object

119
Q

Electrification can be created from ___ (3)

A

friction, contact, induction

120
Q

What is required to maintain electrification?

A

incoming voltage

121
Q

What is ground potential

A

an object that is always available to accept electrical charges
(The Earth)

122
Q

What is electrification by induction?

A

When a strong & weak charged object are close, electrical fields begin to act before contact occurs

123
Q

higher voltage = ____

A

higher potential to do work

124
Q

what is electrodynamics

A

electric charges in motion

125
Q

What keeps electrical charges apart

A

insulators

126
Q

Gas is ___ insulator, ____ conductor

A

GOOD
POOR

127
Q

What is semiconductor? ex?

A

behaves as insulator and conductor
silver & germanium

128
Q

What is electric current?

A

movement of CHARGE CARRIERS in a substance

129
Q

What are 2 forms of charge carriers in electric current

A

Electrons
Ions & atomic nuclei

130
Q

CONVENTIONAL Electric current is going from ___ to ___ poles.
Electron flow is going from ___ to ___ poles

A

positive to negative
negative to positive

131
Q

What is electric current measured in?

A

amp

132
Q

1 Coulombs/sec = ____

A

Ampere (A)

133
Q

Milliampere causes ____

A

of electrons and xray photons produced to vary

134
Q

What is potential difference

A

force or strength of electron flow

V= I x R

135
Q

Potential difference convert ___ energy to ____ energy

A

electrical
mechanical

136
Q

What are resistors

A

substances whose conductivity is changed by impurities
control of current flow

137
Q

The better a resistor conducts, the ____ its resistance

A

lower

138
Q

Increased resistance = ___ electric current

A

decreased

139
Q

Increased resistance = ____ flow of current

A

decreased

140
Q

Increased Ohms = ___ resistance. Is it easier or more difficult for current to flow?

A

increased . more difficult

141
Q

What is desired setting in an electrical system

A

Low resistance/ Low ohms

142
Q

Why an ideal setting for electrical system is low resistance/low ohms

A

resistance convert electrical energy into heat –> energy is wasted

143
Q

What is the quantity that measures the reduction of electric current through a device

A

Resistance

144
Q

What is the measure of amount electric charge transferred per unit time

A

current

145
Q

What is electromotive force (EMF)

A

current flows when there is electrostatic charges

primary force that cause electrical devices to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

146
Q

What are the two types of currents

A

Alternating
Direct

147
Q

If EMF is doubled, then ____

A

current is doubled

148
Q

If resistance is doubled, then ____

A

current is cut in half

149
Q

What is electric circuit

A

a path for electrons to flow

150
Q

What is series circuit

A

current thru each circuit element = total circuit current

151
Q

[parallel circuit]
Adding more resistance = ____ total resistance in circuit

A

decreased

152
Q

If there are more branches added to the circuit, what happened to the total current?

A

increased because of Ohm’s law.

Lower resistance = higher current

153
Q

What is magnetism

A

ability of a materials to attract metals

154
Q

What are the two factors that manifest electromagnetic force?

A

magnetism & electrostatics

155
Q

Describe what happened when a charged particle is in motion

A

create magnetic force field perpendicular to motion

156
Q

3 classification of magnets

A

natural
artifical
electromagnetics

157
Q

What are natural magnets? can it be controlled?

A

earth, lodestone
CANNOT be controlled

158
Q

What are artificial permanent magnet?

A

horseshoe, bar, magnetic compass

159
Q

What are electromagnets?

A

temporary magnets produced by means of electric current

ex: solenoid containing an iron core

160
Q

4 magnetic states of matter

A

Non-magnetic
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic

161
Q

Which of the four magnetic states of matter is weakly repelled from both poles?
a. Non-magnetic
b. Diamagnetic
c. Paramagnetic
d. Ferromagnetic

A

b. Diamagnetic

162
Q

Which of the four magnetic states of matter is weakly attracted from both poles?
a. Non-magnetic
b. Diamagnetic
c. Paramagnetic
d. Ferromagnetic

A

Paramagnetic

163
Q

The atoms in ____ materials lined up and produced a magnetic force

A

ferromagnetic

164
Q

How is a magnetic field created

A

rotation of electrons on axis clockwise or counterclockwise

165
Q

Electron orbit created small magnet called ____

A

magnet dipole

166
Q

Magnetic domains are created when ____

A

magnetic dipoles form groups of aligned atoms.

167
Q

An accumulation of dipoles where all are aligned in same direction is _____

A

domains

168
Q

Dipoles have groups of atoms with their net magnetic field moving ____ direction

A

same

169
Q

What is the difference between non-magnetized and magnetized material?

A

Non-magnetized material have domains in a random state of disorder, whereas magnetized material have domains aligned in order, where poles face the same direction

170
Q

What are flux lines?

A

lines of force flow through magnet to outside of magnetic material

171
Q

What SI unit is used to measure strength of magnetic field?

A

Tesla ( T)

172
Q

Tesla measured _____ of the magnetic field

A

strength

173
Q

Increased flux lines = ____ attraction (magnetic field)

A

increased

174
Q

What are the 3 laws of magnetism

A
  1. like repel, opposite attract
  2. every magnet has 2 poles
  3. force of attraction or repulsion directly with strength of pole / inversely with square of distance between them .
175
Q

Change in magnetic field produce ____

A

a current

176
Q

What is magnetic induction

A

material becomes magnetized by temporary orientation of dipoles

177
Q

the magnetic field surrounding the conductor can be intensified by ___ & intensified further by adding ____

A

turning the magnetic field into a coil (solenoid )

IRON core to the coil (electromagnet)

178
Q

What is electromagnetic induction?

A

moving a conductor through a magnetic field produced an electrical current in that conductor.

179
Q

Is Iron a magnetized or non-magnetized material

A

non-magnetized

180
Q

Electromagnetism consists of ___ (2)

A

electricity (current)
magnetic field (magnetism)

181
Q

Define electromagnetism

A

a form of energy resulting from an electric and magnetic disturbance in space

182
Q

What is solenoid

A

coil of wire wrapped around an iron core

183
Q

how to adjust/change the magnetic field?

A

change current through its coil of wire

184
Q

4 ways to increase the voltage

A
  1. Make the conductor into a coil and pass it through a magnetic field
  2. increased # of coils
  3. increased strength of the magnetic field
  4. Increased speed with which conductor is passed through magnetic field
185
Q

Describe an Electric generator (Dynamo)

A

convert mechanical energy to electrical energy

ex: water through a DAM, steam by burning fuel, wind turning a windmill

186
Q

Describe electric motor

A

convert electrical energy to mechanical energy through magnetic induction

187
Q

Describe transformers

A

changes the intensity of alternating voltage and current through electromagnetic induction

RAD 350 - Naomi (3 decks)

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