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Exercise Physiology & Training > Ch 1-2: Common Measurements & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Ch 1-2: Common Measurements & Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Work

A

work= force x distance

work : J	force: N	distance: m

conversion factor
9.81 N/kg

1 Nxm = 1 J

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2
Q

Power

A

power= work/ time
Power: W work: J time: s

1 W= 1 Jxs-1

Work rate or power output provides the intensity of exercise

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3
Q

Ergometers

A

used to measure human work output and power

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4
Q

Distance

A

Rate(speed) x Duration

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5
Q

Incline of a treadmill is expressed in

A

% grade
- Amt of vertical rise per 100 units of belt travel

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6
Q

Calculating work on a treadmill

A
  • cannot be easily determined when treadmill is horizontal
  • can be calculated when running/walking on a slope

work= body weight x total vertical distance

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7
Q

Vertical Displacement

A

Vertical displacement= % grade x distance

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8
Q

Energy expenditure

A

metabolic rate
- commonly measured in calories (calorimetry)

I kcal= 1000 calories = 4186 J

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1,000 calories used to express energy expenditure and energy value of foods

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9
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

Measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate

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10
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Used to measure oxygen consumption (VO2) as an estimate of resting metabolic rate

  • there is a direct relationship between oxygen consumption and heat production
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11
Q

1 MET

A

1 MET= 3.5 mlx kg-1 x min-1… resting metabolic rate

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12
Q

The energy cost of horizontal treadmill walking or running can be estimated because the O2 requirements for both walking and running, increase as a

A

linear function of speed

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13
Q

VO2

A

Volume of O2 consumed

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14
Q

Net efficiency

A

ratio of work output divided by energy expended above rest

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15
Q

High exercise efficiency improves exercise performance by

A

increasing the power output produced per amount of ATP used

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16
Q

Net efficiency decreases as work rate(power)

A

increases

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17
Q

With an increase in work rate, energy expenditure…

A

increases in a curvilinear fashion

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18
Q

factors that influence exercise efficiency

A

work rate, speed of movement, and muscle fiber types affect efficiency

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19
Q

Which muscle fiber type is more efficient?

A

Slow muscle fibers

20
Q

Which muscle fiber type require less ATP per unit of work?

A

Slow muscle fibers

less ATP= more efficient

21
Q

Running Economy

A

Oxygen cost of running at given speed

  • lower VO2 at same speed indicates better running economy
  • about 10% better in elite, compared to untrained runners
22
Q

To achieve maximal efficiency at any work rate, there is an optimal

A

speed

23
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant and normal (resting) internal environment

  • constant over time (dynamic constancy)
24
Q

Steady state

A

Unchanging level of a physiological variable but not equal to the “homeostatic” resting value
- constant during movement
- when the body is in steady state, a balance has been achieved between the demands placed on the body and the body’s response to those demands

25
Q

Intracellular control systems vs Organ control systems

A

Intracellular
- Protein breakdown and synthesis
- Energy production
- Maintenance of stored nutrients

Organ
- Pulmonary and circulatory systems
- replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

26
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

effect goes in opposite direction of the stimulus… responds to the stimulus to “fix” what happened

-primary method used to maintain homeostasis

27
Q

Parts of biological control systems

A
  • sensor or receptor: detects changes in variable
  • control center: assesses input from sensor and initiates response
  • effector: changes internal environment back to normal
28
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

acts to increase the original stimulus (same direction as the stimulus)

28
Q

Gain of Control Systems

A
  • also known as precision
  • a system’s capability to correct a deviation from homeostasis
  • control systems that deal with life/death have large gains
28
Q

How does exercise challenge homeostasis?

A
  • increased O2 demand by working muscles
  • increased CO2 produced by working muscles
  • increased heat produced by working muscles
  • heavy exercise—> lactic acid—> increased acidity
  • most biological control systems can maintain a steady state during submaximal (mild) exercise in a cool environment
  • during heavy exercise or prolonged exercise in a hot or humid environment, disturbances to homeostasis are too great for control systems to overcome… steady state can’t be reached
29
Q

Adaptation

A
  • change in structure or function of cell or organ system (in response to exercise)
  • results in improved ability to maintain homeostasis
30
Q

Acclimation

A
  • Adaptation to repeated environmental stresses
  • Results in improved function of existing homeostatic system
  • “getting used to the environment”
31
Q

Cell signaling

A
  • communication between cells using chemical messengers
  • coordinates cellular activities
  • important for maintaining homeostasis
  • five different cell signaling pathways exist
32
Q

What are the 5 Cell signaling mechanisms?

A
  1. Intracrine signaling
  2. Juxtracrine signaling
  3. Autocrine signaling
  4. Paracrine signaling
  5. Endocrine signaling
33
Q

Intracrine signaling

A

chemical messenger inside cell triggers response

34
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

chemical messenger passed between two connected cells

35
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

chemical messenger released in extracellular fluid and acts on that same cell

36
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

chemical messengers act on nearby cells

37
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Chemical messengers released into blood
- only affect cells with specific receptor

38
Q

Stress proteins assist in

A

regulation of homeostasis

  • repair the damaged proteins
39
Q

Cellular stress response

A

a biological control system in cells that manufactures proteins to defend against stress (maintain homeostasis)

  • cells synthesize protective proteins called stress proteins
40
Q

Stresses that induce stress proteins… and what kinds of exercise produce these stresses

A

aka affect homeostasis

  • heat
  • abnormal pH
  • low cellular energy levels
  • alterations in cell calcium
  • free radical damage
  • etc.

High intensity or prolonged exercise can produce these stresses

41
Q

If speed is too low then efficiency is _______ due to ______

A

low; inertia

42
Q

If speed is too high then efficiency is _____ due to _____

A

low; increased muscular friction

43
Q

High power outputs result in _______ to result in greater efficiency

A

higher speeds

Exercise Physiology & Training (10 decks)

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