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Psychology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

The stimulation of sense organs

A

Sensation

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2
Q

the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

A

Perception

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3
Q

Stimulus for the visual system

A

electromagnetic radiation between 480 and 760 nanometers

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4
Q

Order in which light passes through the eye

A

cornea>pupil/iris>lens>vitreous humor>retina>ganglion cells>bipolar cells> photoreceptors (rods and cones)

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5
Q

the process by which a stimulus is represented neurally

A

Transduction

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6
Q

Where does transduction occur in the eye?

A

Rods and cones

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7
Q

photoreceptor that is scotopic; perceives general form; more numerous; more in the periphery of the retina; more thoroughly adapts to the dark

A

Rods

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8
Q

Photoreceptor that is photopic; greater visual acuity; less numerous; more in the center of the retina and the only photoreceptor in the fovea; quickly adapts to the dark, but is limited in how much it adapts

A

Cones

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9
Q

Light enters through this structure in the eye

A

Cornea

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10
Q

Transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retine

A

Lens

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11
Q

opening in the center of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye

A

Pupil

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12
Q

Visual activity is greatest at this spot; only cones

A

fovea

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13
Q

neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain

A

Retina

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14
Q

the retinal area, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell

A

receptive field of a visual cell

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15
Q

Point at which axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite side of the brain

A

optic chiasm

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16
Q

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

A

feature detectors

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17
Q

order by which visual info is processed after transduction

A

bipolar cells>ganglion cells>optic disk>dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (if info received by the halves of retina closer to nose; contralateral connection) (if info received by the halves of the retina farthest from the nose; ipsilateral connection)> primary visual cortex> parietal lobe or lower part of temporal lobe

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18
Q

In primary visual cortex; detects orientation of line and location of the line within its receptive field

A

simple cells

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19
Q

In primary visual cortex; detects orientation of line, movement of line

A

complex cells

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20
Q

in primary visual cortex; detects orientation of line, length of line

A

Hypercomplex cells (end-stop cells)

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21
Q

WHAT pathway

A

Analyzes what the object is; lower part of the temporal lobe

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22
Q

WHERE pathway

A

analyzes where the object is in relation to the body, in parietal lobe

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23
Q

the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths; short wavelength, medium wavelength, long wavelength

A

Trichromatic theory

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24
Q

color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors

A

Opponent Process theory

25
Q

a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

A

perceptual set

26
Q

progression from individual elements to the whole

A

bottom-up processing

27
Q

progression from whole to the elements

A

top-down processing

28
Q

Things that are near each other seem to belong together

A

Gestalt proximity

29
Q

people often group elements to create a sense of closure or completeness

A

gestalt closure

30
Q

people tend to group stimuli that are similar

A

gestalt similarity

31
Q

people tend to organize forms in the simplest way possible

A

gestalt simplicity

32
Q

people’s tendency to follow in whatever direction they’ve been led

A

gestalt continuity

33
Q

illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

A

phi phenomenon

34
Q

clues about distance based on differing views of the two eyes

A

binocular depth

35
Q

an inference about what form could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation

A

perceptual hypothesis

36
Q

people tend to divide displas into figure and ground

A

gestalt figure and ground

37
Q

Stimulus for the auditory system

A

sound: compression and decompression of molecules in the air

38
Q

Order in which sound passes through the ear

A

outer ear (ear canal)>middle ear (ear drum)>ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)> inner ear (oval window of the cochlea)

39
Q

fluid-filled coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing

A

cochlea

40
Q

different waveform stimulate different areas of the basilar membrane in particular

A

place theory

41
Q

what stimulates the basilar membrane area closest to the oval window

A

higher frequencies

42
Q

what stimulates the basilar membrane areas farthest away from the oval window

A

lower frequencies

43
Q

perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

A

frequency theory

44
Q

stimulus for the vestibular system

A

gravitational pull

45
Q

stimulus for the gustatory system

A

molecules dissolved in fluid

46
Q

primary tastes

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

47
Q

bumps

A

papillae

48
Q

on the perimeter of the tongue

A

taste buds

49
Q

where is the primary cortex of gustatory system

A

insular cortex (in frontal lobe)

50
Q

stimulus for the olfactory system

A

molecules in the air

51
Q

pathway for olfactory system

A

air>mucous>olfactory dendrites

52
Q

where does transduction occur in the olfactory system

A

olfactory dendrites

53
Q

where is primary cortex of olfactory system

A

olfactory bulb (temporal lobe)

54
Q

Only sensory system that does not send signals to the thalamus

A

olfactory system

55
Q

stimulus for the somatosensory system

A

mechanical, thermal, chemical

56
Q

pathway of the somatosensory system

A

somatosensory receptors>thalamus>somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

57
Q

slow pain pathway; signals of dull and aching

A

C fibers

58
Q

fast pain pathway: signals of sharp pain

A

A-delta fibers

59
Q

incoming pain sensations must pass through a “gate” in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals

A

gate control theory

Psychology (9 decks)

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