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bio 1000 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

smallest form of matter that makes up atoms

A

subatomic particals (protons, neutrons, electrons)

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2
Q

organelles

A

the organs that make up CELLS surrounded by a solution called cytosol

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3
Q

define “species”

A

group of similar organisms that can create offspring whom may also reproduce

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4
Q

emergent properties

A

levels of organization

cellular lvl
organismal lvl
populational lvl

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5
Q

cell theory

A

organisms are made up of one or more cells, cells are made of preexisting cells dividing into new cells

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6
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions of an organism

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7
Q

anabolic reactions

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simple ones

ex, photosynthesis

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8
Q

catabolic reactions

A

release energy from complex molectules (amino acids) by breaking them down

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

ability for an organism to maintain stable inside environment

ex regulating temp

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10
Q

binomial

A

two names: GENUS and SPECIES

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11
Q

taxonomy

A

grouping species together

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12
Q

who employed scientific method?

A

Francesco Redi

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13
Q

C

A

carbon

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14
Q

N

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

H

A

hydrogen

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16
Q

S

A

sulfer

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17
Q

P

A

phosphorus

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18
Q

Na

A

sodium

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19
Q

K

A

potassium

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20
Q

Ca

A

calcium

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21
Q

Fe

A

iron

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22
Q

Cl

A

chlorine

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23
Q

element

A

substance cannot be further broken down by chemical reaction

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24
Q

compound

A

2 or more elements combines in a fixed ratio

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25
Q

what tell you the amount of electrons in an atom?

A

atomic number

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26
Q

what is mass number?

A

protons + neutrons in an atom

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27
Q

isotopes

A

2 atoms of same element that have same # of protons and different # of neutrons

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28
Q

what forms chemical bonds?

A

electrons

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29
Q

ionic bonds

A

when atoms gain or lose electrons in order to fill energy shells

ex
Na loses e-,filled outer shell is Na+
Cl gains to fill outer level becomes Cl-

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30
Q

covalent bonds

A

two atoms sharing electrons to become stable

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31
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

atoms dont share electron equally

ex O- — H+
NEEDY OXYGEN SMH

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32
Q

nompolar covalent bonds

A

share electrons equally

ex O = O
:)

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33
Q

chemical reaction

A

making or breaking bonds to form new ones

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34
Q

solutions

solute, solvent, solution

A

sodium, water, dissolvent

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35
Q

what kind of bonds does water have?

A

polar covalent bonds

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36
Q

what happens to water when it freezes?

A

water expands, ice is less dense than water bc molecules are spaced out

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37
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving uwu <3

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38
Q

cohesive

A

2 of same things stick together
ex water bonds

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39
Q

adhesive

A

2 diff things stick together

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40
Q

hydrophobic effect

A

oil n water dont mix bruv

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41
Q

acids vs. bases and H+

A

acids increase H+
bases decrease H+

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42
Q

pH acidic vs. basic?

A

lower pH is acidic
higher pH is basic

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43
Q

catalysis

A

speeds up chemical reactions

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44
Q

buffers

A

molecules resist change in pH when acid or base is added

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45
Q

biological molecules are made up of…

A

monomers (building blocks)
polymers (chains of building blocks)

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46
Q

dehydration synthesis reactions

A

smaller biomolecules built/created into larger biomolecules

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47
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

breaking down larger biomolecules to smaller biomolecules

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48
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

protien, nucleic acids, carbs, lipids

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49
Q

carbohydrates can be either…

A

sugars or polymers of sugars

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50
Q

monosaccharides make up larger…

A

carbohydrates (building blocks)

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51
Q

cellular respiration

A

releasing of energy when glucose is broken apart

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52
Q

sucrose is made up of…

A

glucose and fructose

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53
Q

disaccharides are…

A

sugars made of 2 monosaccharide subunits

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54
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

long polymers of glucose subunits used to sotee energy

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55
Q

structoral polysaccharides

A

provide support and protection

ex cellulose

56
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic molecules bc they contain few polar covalent bonds, they are also energy storage compounds

57
Q

phospholipids (hydrophillic)

A

come together in water to form cell membranes

58
Q

cholesterol

A

can be chemically modified to become important hormones

59
Q

protiens are ___ and ___ are amino acides

A

polymers, monomers

60
Q

protiens regulate

A

catalysis and cellular chemical reactions

61
Q

protiens are also called

A

polypeptides

62
Q

protien function is directly dependent on

A

sequence of amino acids

63
Q

denaturation

A

any alteration of a polypeptides structure, causes loss of function in protien

64
Q

nucleic acid

A

(a polymer) made up of a chain of nucleotides (monomers)

65
Q

nucleotides have 3 groups

A

phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base

66
Q

ATP

A

energy released when molecule is broken down (ADP)

67
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria, NO NUCLEUS

68
Q

eukaryotes

A

organisms, YES NUCLEUS

69
Q

phospholipids structure organized as…

A

lipid bilayer with transmembrane protiens inserted

70
Q

nuclear envelope

A

2 bilayer membranes surrounding the nucleus

71
Q

nuclear pores

A

controlled passage allows large molecules, mRNA and genes to pass

72
Q

nucleolus

A

rhibosomes are made, protien synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm

73
Q

ER stands for…

A

endoplasmic reticulum

74
Q

where is ER and what does it do

A

to make protiens… these membranes are attached to the nuvlear envelope

75
Q

smooth ER

A

breaks down large carbs, makes fats from carbs, does NOT make protien

76
Q

rough ER

A

covered w rhibosomes, makes protien

77
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies, sorts, and ships protiens
“amazon prime of cell protien”

78
Q

lysosomes

A

buds off golgi, enzymes surround and digest protiens, fats, and worn out organelles

79
Q

peroxisomes

A

dangerous to the cell so they are surrounded in peroxisome membrane

80
Q

cholorplasts

A

where photosynthesis occurs

81
Q

chlorophyll

A

gives plants green color and captures light energy

82
Q

thylakoid disks

A

“coins” that contain chlorophyll

83
Q

stroma

A

where CO2 is converted to sugar

84
Q

mitochondria

A

is the powerhouse of a cell
jk it turns sugar into ATP through chemical reactions (cellular respiration)

85
Q

inner membrane of the mitochondria is called

A

matrix

86
Q

actin filliments

A

contract mucle cells which allow movement for non muscle cells

87
Q

microtubules

A

are made of tubulin and help move organelles around the cell

88
Q

cilia and flagella

A

aid cell movement that have a core of microtubules

89
Q

centrioles vs. chloroplasts

A

animals, plants

90
Q

what expands and shinks in reaction to water (plant cell)

A

central vacuole

91
Q

phospholipids

A

lipid bilayer with transmembrane protiens inserted

92
Q

diffusion

A

tendancy of a group of particles to spread out evenly

93
Q

how do solutes diffuse?

A

high solute concentration to low solute concentration

94
Q

simple diffusion

A

diffusion over a LIPID part of a membrane

95
Q

what solutes cross easily over a membrane?

A

nonpolar solutes, smaller cross faster than large

96
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion through protiens that aid passage

97
Q

channels and transporters

A

travel protiens that facilitate diffusion
channels are quick
transporters are slower

98
Q

water flows from what concentration?

A

high to low

99
Q

active transport

A

NOT DIFFUSION. transports solutes against gradient, requires energy

100
Q

exocytosis

A

sends stuff outside of cell

101
Q

phagocytosis

A

brings large particle into cell to be destroyed

102
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics (wtf)

A

every energy transformation/transfer increases entropy in the universe.

(entropy is useless energy)

103
Q

are exergonic reactions spontaneous or nah?

A

they are gang

104
Q

are endergonic reactions spontaneous or nah?

A

nah. (nonspontaneous)

105
Q

energy coupling

A

exergonic reacts and the energy helps endergonic go brrrr

106
Q

speed of spontaneous reactions?

A

sLOOOOW. they are blocked by energy barrier idk why

107
Q

enzymes are…

A

protien catalysts. protien synthesis go brr

108
Q

activation energy

A

energy barrier that wont get tf outta the way for protien catalysts

109
Q

are enzymes specific

A

OCD specific 💅

110
Q

substrates

A

the chemicals enzymes act on (reactants)?

111
Q

active site

A

where substrates interact with enzymes

112
Q

formula for glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

113
Q

cholorplasts are found in ___ cells

A

mesophyll

114
Q

openings in leaves where CO2 and O2 enter/exit

A

stomata

115
Q

chloropyll absorbs ___ light and reflects ___ light

A

red and blue, green

116
Q

light reactions produce ___ and ___

A

NADPH and ATP

117
Q

calvin cycle occurs in

A

the stroma

118
Q

chemiosmosis

A

pumps H+ uphill using energy and when ut fliws down releases energy

119
Q

glycolysis

A

occurs in cytoplasm, converts 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

120
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

occurs after pyruvate enters matrix
input 2 pyruvate
->2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

121
Q

citric acid cycle

A

occurs in matrix
input 2 Acetyl CoA
-> 6 NADH, 2 FADH², 2 ATP, 4 CO²

122
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

using electeons transportation chain to make ATP

occurs in inner membrane

123
Q

1 NAHD turns into how much ATP?

A

3 ATP

124
Q

total ATP from converting 1 glucose?

A

36 ATP

125
Q

fermentation

A

ATP generation without O2, less effective

126
Q

epidermal cells (plant)

A

secretes cuticle , waxy barrier prevents water loss

127
Q

root hairs

A

do NOT secrete cuticle, must allow water through

128
Q

transpiration

A

water loss theough stomata

129
Q

vascular tissues (plant)

A

xylem and phloem

130
Q

xylem

A

conducts water and minerals up from soil… wood is xylem

131
Q

lignin

A

makes up xylem walls, sturdy material

132
Q

phloem

A

food conducting cells, transports carbs

133
Q

monocots vs. eudicots

A

EUDICOTS CAME FIRST

134
Q

apical meristems

A

carry out primary growtg TALL

135
Q

zone of cell division

A

root apical meristem

136
Q

pholem sap flow is powered by ATP

A

bio 1000 (3 decks)

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