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bio 1000 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

unicellular organisms reproduce by

A

dividing

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2
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that caries out same gene sequence of bases ( A,T,G,C)

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4
Q

gene is code to build a…

A

polypeptide (protien)

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5
Q

cell cycle phases

A

M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
Interphase
-G1 (growth)
-S (growth and DNA replication)
-G2 (growth and final preparation for cell division)

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6
Q

epithelial cells (skin)

A

constantly replace and divide

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7
Q

liver cells replucate only when

A

damage occurs

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8
Q

cells that cannot divide in adult humans are ___ and ___

A

muscle cells and nerve cells

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9
Q

decision for a cell to divide is made in what phase

A

G1 phase

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10
Q

what phase is non dividing stage

A

G0

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11
Q

metastasis

A

mutated cells enter ectracellular fluid and start growth at a new site in body (cancer)

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12
Q

somatic cells

A

all cells of an organism besides sex cells

they have 46 chromosomes

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13
Q

reproductive cells

A

sperm and egg
have 23 chromosomes

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14
Q

chromatin

A

“opened up” version of a chromosome, accessible for copying or making protien

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15
Q

a pair of similar chromosomes are called

A

homologous

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16
Q

homologous chromosomes have ___ traits

A

different variations of same trait

ex. blue eye vs brown

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17
Q

meiosis produces

A

gametes

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18
Q

haploid (n)

A

23 chromosomes
gametes

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19
Q

diploid (2n)

A

zygote and all other cells
46 chromosomes

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20
Q

sister chromatids

A

an original chromosome and a copy
they are identical

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

at the end of mitosis the cell splits in 2 (identical)

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22
Q

early prophase (mitosis)

A

nuclear envelope (membrane) breaks down and chromatin condense to become chromosomes

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23
Q

centrioles

A

microtubule organizing centers present in early prophase form miotic spindle (for DNA)

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24
Q

prophase

A

mitotic spindle continues forming 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere are pulled apart and mitotic spindle completes formation

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25
Q

centromere

A

joins sister chromatids together
microtubules of spindle attach to pull sister chromatids apart move to opposite poles

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26
Q

metaphase

A

centrioles arrive at opposite poles chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate (middle of cell)

basically looks like dna now 💀

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27
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids split and migrate to oppsite poles

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28
Q

telephase

A

cell elongates and nuclear envelope forms around daighter chromosomes
chromosomes decondense into chromatin state
mitosis is complete

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29
Q

cytokinesis

A

after telephase cell is pinched in 2

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30
Q

animal cytokinesis

A

divides the cell using cleavage
actin and myosin create fibers that form a belt around cell

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31
Q

plant cytokinesis

A

forms a cell wall called cell plate

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32
Q

fission

A

prokaryotic reproduction (bacteria)
creates identical copies

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33
Q

gene

A

a sequence of DNA nucleotides that code how to build polypeptides

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34
Q

gene expression

A

dna in a gene is being used to make protien

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35
Q

interphase 1

A

each chromosome replicates to be 2 joined sister chromatids

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36
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense and attach to nuclear envelope, non sister strands may cross (crossing over)

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37
Q

crossing over

A

during prophase (synapsis) non sister stands cross during pairing, it increases genetic variety

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38
Q

synapsis

A

during prophase 1 homologous chromosomes pair up

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39
Q

metaphase 1

A

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate and independent assortment occurs (increase genetic variation)

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40
Q

anaphase 1

A

chromatids migrate to poled but STAY JOINED AT CENTROMERE

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41
Q

telephase 1

A

cell splits in 2 no replication of DNA occurs before daughter cells divide again

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42
Q

prophase 2

A

spindle apparatus forms, chomosomes move to metaphase plate

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43
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate and attack to microtubules on opposite poles

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44
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids seperate, move to opposite poles

45
Q

telephase 2 and cytokinesis

A

nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear
cytokinesis occurs
(result 4 daughter haploid cells)

46
Q

oogenasis and spermatogenesis

A

creating ovum and sperm

47
Q

fractions

A

seperated bacteria to avoid harmful nucleic bacteria from transforming harmless bactera

48
Q

bacteriophages (phages)

A

viruses that infect bacteria

49
Q

virus

A

DNA surrounded by a protien coat

50
Q

double helix dna base pairing

A

A + T , C + G
paired together by hydrogen bonds

51
Q

antiparallel

A

2 strands of double helix are alligned differently and run different directions (opposite)
3->5
5->3

52
Q

DNA is copied by…

A

pulling apart 2 strands and adding complimentary bases (semiconservative)

53
Q

semiconservative

A

dna copying using one strand of parent double helix for 2 daughter double helicies

54
Q

helicases

A

enzyme that unwinds and open DNA strands
single strands are stablized by single strand binding protiens

55
Q

origin of replication

A

where DNA replication begins

56
Q

dna repl. initiation occurs when…

A

primase enzymes attach a few new bases to open strands using a DNA primer, since primer is not DNA it will be removed later and replaced w DNA

57
Q

elongation of strand is carried out by…

A

DNA polymerases, they only bind when primer is present

this will make the new strand of DNA

58
Q

leading strand

A

adds bases as DNA elongates using polymerase 3, no gaps in leading strand

59
Q

lagging strand

A

bases are added backward from the fork opening, RNA primers removed using polymerase 1, gaps are filled by DNA ligase

60
Q

allele

A

gene

61
Q

mendel

A

choose either or traits

62
Q

hybridization

A

crossing 2 plants w different traits

63
Q

law of segregation

A

pair of alleles will segregate so each gamete only carries 1 member (gene)

64
Q

homozygous

A

same gene on each chromosome
ex TT

65
Q

heterozygous

A

different genes on each chromosome
ex Tt

66
Q

phenotype

A

organisms appearance
ex blue eyes

67
Q

genotype

A

organisms actual genes

ex. brown eyes with Tt gene

68
Q

law of independent assortment

A

random genetics

69
Q

dihybrid

A

crossing 2 different traits for 2 different characters at once

TTGG x ttgg

70
Q

offspring phenotype ratio

A

9:3:3:1

71
Q

incomplete dominance

A

both traits are equal
1:2:1

72
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

bell shaped curve

73
Q

sex linked disorders

A

color blindness
hemophilia- excessive bleeding

74
Q

nondisjunction

A

gamete gets an extra chromosome

ex down syndrome

75
Q

pedigrees

A

family history

76
Q

mutations

A

random changes in sequence of DNA nucleotides that make a gene

77
Q

amniocentesis

A

using a needle to take amniotic fluid to test for gene abnormalities

78
Q

chorionic villi sampling

A

removing cells from chorion to test for gene abnormalities

79
Q

budding

A

babys grow on animal and when its large enough attachment is severed

80
Q

semineferous tubules

A

sperm forms

81
Q

epidydymis

A

carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to vas deferens

82
Q

vas deferens

A

transport sperm to ejaculatory duct small amount of fluid is added here

83
Q

seminal vesucles

A

create 60% of seminal fluid (alkaline)
fructose is also present

84
Q

prostate gland

A

contains citric acid to give sperm energy

85
Q

estrogens

A

estradiol, estrone, progesterone

86
Q

ovulation completes…

A

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 doesnt begin until fertilization

87
Q

corpus luteum

A

releases hormones that control menteal cycle

88
Q

endometrium

A

embryo implants and is mourished there until placenta develops

89
Q

myometrium

A

contacts during labor

90
Q

ovarian menstrual cycle

A

folicular phase
luteal phase
mentrual cycle

91
Q

follicular phase

A

W1 FSH and LH lvls rise
FSH causes cell to complete meiosis 1

92
Q

luteal phase

A

LH causes ovulation and repairs cells around egg (follicle)

corpus luteum secretes progesterone

93
Q

uterine (menstrual) cycle

A

progesterone thivkens endometrium of uterus
if egg is fertilized it can get nourishment
if not blood rich tissue is shed

94
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

soerm penetrates egg :D

95
Q

cortical reaction

A

once sperm enters egg immediately hardens again to prevent it from getting fertilized again

96
Q

after fertilization…

A

cleavage occurs cell begins splitting

97
Q

morulation

A

cell divides, morula stafe ovcurs ,solid ball of cells

98
Q

blastulation

A

hollow ball of cells called blastula… it attaches to endometrium

99
Q

implantation occurs day..

A

6

100
Q

grastulation

A

3 different cell types develop
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

101
Q

ectoderm

A

skin inner ears nerve tissue

102
Q

mesoderm

A

muscles skeleton

103
Q

endoderm

A

lining of digestive tract lungs liver

104
Q

chorion

A

surrounds embryo and eventually creates placenta

allows fas exchange without water loss

105
Q

amnion

A

dome surrounds embryo and is filled with fluid, this water breaks during birth

106
Q

yolk sac

A

fetal blood cells that move to embryo and use as food source for a little while

107
Q

allantois

A

forms umbilicat cord carrients nutrients from placenta and excretes wastes

108
Q

placenta

A

moves material from mom to baby without exchanging blood supllies through diffusion

bio 1000 (3 decks)

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