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Botany > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Botany

A

The scientific study of autotrophs, including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance

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2
Q

Botany as a science

A

Originally the study of plants but has come to include autotrophs and fungi (archaebacteria, bacteria, fungi, plantae, and protista)

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3
Q

Diversification of plant study

A

Plant anatomy, plant physiology, taxonomy, geography, ecology, morphology, genetics, cell biology, and economic botany and ethnobotany

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4
Q

Eight attributes of living organisms

A

Composition and structure, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, movement, complexity of organization, and environmental adaptation

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5
Q

Cell

A

Structural units of organisms

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Interior cell matrix

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA suspended in cytoplasm

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Bounds cytoplasm

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9
Q

Respiration

A

Energy release

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10
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Energy harnessing

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11
Q

Digestion

A

Conversion of large insoluble food molecules to smaller soluble molecules

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12
Q

Assimilation

A

Conversion of raw materials into cell substances

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13
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction of similar molecules (capillary movement in plants)

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14
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction of dissimilar molecules

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15
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Occurs when a hydrogen becomes attached to one monomer and a hydroxyl group to the other. Energy is released, which may be stored temporarily or used in the manufacture or renewal of cell components

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16
Q

Starch

A

Coils of glucose molecules. Main carbohydrate reserve of plants

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17
Q

Cellulose

A

Unbranched chain of glucose molecules. Main structural polymer in plant cell walls

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18
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cells lack a nucleus (bacteria)

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19
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cell contains a nucleus. Plants and animals

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20
Q

Cell walls

A

Rigid boundary of cells

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21
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane bound bodies found in eukaryotic cells. Various shapes and sizes with various functions. Not all are bound by membranes

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22
Q

Protoplasm

A

All components of a living cell

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All cellular components between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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24
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid within cytoplasm containing organelles

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25
Q

Vacuole

A

Provides turgor pressure

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26
Q

Microtubule

A

Conducts intercellular communication

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27
Q

Dictyosome

A

Plant equivalent of golgi body

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28
Q

Intracellular space

A

Provides structural support

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29
Q

Middle lamella

A

Hard when unripe, breaks down when ripening

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30
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Holds cellulose fibrils together

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31
Q

Pectin

A

Gives stiffness (like in fruit jellies)

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32
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with associated sugars

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33
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Cytoplasmic strands that extend between cells through minute openings

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34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Most conspicuous plastids, bound by double membrane

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35
Q

Grana

A

Made up of thylakoids

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36
Q

Thylakoid membranes

A

Contain chlorophyll. Hosts of first steps of photosynthesis.

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37
Q

Stroma

A

Matrix of enzymes involved in photosynthesis

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38
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Other type of plastid. Synthesize and accumulate carotenoids (yellow, orange, red)

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39
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Colorless plastids, may synthesize starches (amyloplasts) or oils (elaioplasts)

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40
Q

Cristae

A

Folds of inner mitochondrial membrane

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41
Q

Cell cycle

A

Orderly series of events when cells divide. Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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42
Q

In telophase in plant cells

A

Phragmoplast and cell plate form at equator

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43
Q

Cell plate formation

A

Phragmoplast develops between daughter cell nuclei. Microtubules trap dictyosome derived vesicles. Vesicles fuse to form cell plate. Portions of ER are trapped between vesicles, forming plasmodesmata.

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44
Q

Phragmoplast

A

Complex of microtubules and ER

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45
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

Tissue that actively divides (shoots, tips)

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46
Q

Simple tissues

A

One type of cell

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47
Q

Complex tissues

A

Two plus types of cell

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48
Q

Four major groups of plant organs

A

Roots, stens, leaves, and flowers

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49
Q

Meristems

A

Permanent regions of growth and active cell division

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50
Q

Apical meristem

A

A meristem at the tip of a root or shoot, which increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells (= primary growth)

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51
Q

Primary meristem

A

Develop from apical meristem. Produce primary tissue: protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.

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52
Q

Lateral meristem

A

Produce secondary tissues that increase the girth if roots and stems (secondary growth)

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53
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Produces xylem and phloem (tissues primarily for support and conduction). Composed of a thin cylinder of brick-shaped cells that extends the length of stems and roots

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54
Q

Cork cambium

A

Lies outside the vascular cambium just inside the outer bark. Produces bark

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55
Q

Intercalary meristems

A

In vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment area), add to stem length.

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56
Q

Parenchyma

A

Simple tissue. Thin, pliable walls. Usually 14-sided at maturity. Living cytoplasm, often containing large vacuoles and various secretions. May remain alive a long time. Have spaces between them. Food/water storage/repair.

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57
Q

Aerenchyma

A

Parenchyma tissue with extensive, connected air spaces, usually in aquatic plants

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58
Q

Chlorenchyma

A

Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts that function in photosynthesis

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59
Q

Transfer cells

A

Develop irregular extensions of inner wall that greatly increases surface area of plasma membrane (nectaries of flowers

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60
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Characteristics: thick, tough, lignin infused. Dead at maturity. Function in support.

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61
Q

Sclereids

A

Stone cells. Scattered in tissue. Cells as long as wide.

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62
Q

Fibers

A

Much longer than wide and contain lumen (tiny cavity)

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63
Q

Vascular tissues

A

Complex tissues that include xylem and phloem.

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64
Q

Xylem

A

Chief conducting tissue for water and minerals that are absorbed by the roots. Composed of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells

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65
Q

Vessels

A

Made of vessel elements

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66
Q

Vessel elements

A

Open at each end, but may have a perforation plate. Dead at maturity. Thick secondary cell walls. Many have spiral thickenings on vessel walls.

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67
Q

Tracheids

A

Tapered at the ends with pairs of pits that allow water to pass from cell to cell. Pits. Dead at maturity. Thick secondary cell wall. May have spiral thickenings on cell walls. Composed of parenchyma cells.

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68
Q

Pits

A

Areas without secondary cell wall

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69
Q

Rays

A

Function in lateral conduction and food storage.

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70
Q

Phloem

A

Complex tissue that moves products of photosynthesis from leaves to other areas of the plant. Sieve tube members (large), sieve cells (smaller), fibers

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71
Q

Sieve tube members (large)

A

Lack secondary cells and nuclei. Lay end to end to form sieve tubes. Sieve plates with small pores. Callose forms plug, preventing leaks during injury. Companion cells aid in conduction of food.

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72
Q

Sieve cells (smaller)

A

Ferns and gymnosperms. Lack secondary cell walls and nuclei. Much narrower than sieve tube members. Lay overlapped at ends. Walls have sieve plates with small pores. Albuminous cells.

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73
Q

Albuminous cells

A

Companion cells aid in conduction

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74
Q

Fibers

A

Much longer than wide and contain lumen (tiny cavity). High strength

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75
Q

Epidermis

A

Complex tissue. Protective layer that is one cell layer thick covering all plant organs. Composed mostly of parenchyma cells, guard cells of stomata, secretory glands, and hairs

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76
Q

Cutin

A

Produced by leaf and stem epidermal cells, a fatty substance on the surface of outer walls of epidermis that forms cuticle

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77
Q

Cuticle

A

Wax secreted on cuticle, cuticle and wax prevent water loss by evaporation. Resistant to bacteria and other disease organisms

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78
Q

Root hairs

A

Root epidermis produced. Greatly increases surface area. Increases absorptive area of root surface

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79
Q

Periderm

A

Replaces epidermis when cork cambium begins producing more tissue. Constitutes outer bark. Primarily cork cells

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80
Q

Cork cells

A

Dead at maturity. While alive cytoplasm secretes suberin (fatty substance) into walls. Makes cork cells waterproof and helps protect phloem

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81
Q

Lenticels

A

Loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells formed by cork cambium that protrude through the surface of periderm

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82
Q

Secretory cells and tissue

A

May function individually or as part of a tissue. Flower nectar, citrus oils, glandular hair mucilage, latex, and resins

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83
Q

Function of roots

A

Anchor plants into soil, absorb water and minerals, and store food and water

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84
Q

Radicle

A

Emerges at germination and develops into first root

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85
Q

Taproot

A

Main root with thinner branch roots

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86
Q

Fibrous root system

A

Many thinner branching roots

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87
Q

Fibrous roots

A

Large number of fine roots of similar diameter formed adventitiously

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88
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Do not develop from another root but from a stem or leaf

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89
Q

Régions of the root

A

Root cap, région of cell division, region of cell elongation, region of maturation

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90
Q

Root cap

A

Thimble shaped mass of parenchyma cells covering each root tip. Protects tissues from damage as root grows. Secretes mucigel that acts as lubricant. Functions in gravitropism

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91
Q

Région of cell division

A

Composed if apical meristem in center of root tip. Subdivided into 3 meristematic areas

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92
Q

Protoderm

A

Area of cell division region that gives rise to epidermis

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93
Q

Ground meristem

A

Area of cell division region that gives rise to the cortex and pith

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94
Q

Procambium

A

Area of cell division region that gives rise to primary xylem and primary phloem

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95
Q

Région of elongation

A

Cells become several times their original length. Vacuoles merge, and movement occurs

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96
Q

Région of maturation

A

Cells differentiate into various distinctive cell types.

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97
Q

Root hairs form

A

Epidermal cell extensions with thin cuticle; absorb water and minerals; adhere tightly to to soil particles; increase of total absorptive surface of root

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98
Q

Cortex

A

Parenchyma cells between epidermis and vascular cylinder. Stores food and water

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99
Q

Endodermis

A

Inner boundary of cortex, consisting of a single-layered cylinder of compact cells. Cell walls with suberin bands called casparian strips. Eventually inner cell walls become thickened with suberin, except for passage cells

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100
Q

Casparian strips

A

Forces water and dissolved substances entering and leaving the central core to pass through endodermis. Regulates types of minerals absorbed

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101
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Core of tissues inside endodermis. Primary xylem or phloem

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102
Q

Pericycle

A

Outer boundary of vascular cylinder. Continues to divide, even after maturity. Forms lateral roots and part of the vascular cambium

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103
Q

Dicot and conifer vascular cylinder

A

Solid core of xylem with arms in cross section. Phloem in patches between xylem arms.

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104
Q

Vascular cylinder

A

Forms secondary phloem to the outside and secondary xylem to the inside

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105
Q

Monocot vascular cylinder

A

Xylem surrounds pith

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106
Q

Determinate growth

A

Growth that stops after an organ is fully expanded or after a plant has reached a certain size

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107
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

New tissues are added indefinitely (season after season)

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108
Q

Food storage growth

A

Starch and other carbohydrates. Sweet potatoes

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109
Q

Water storage roots

A

Pumpkin family, especially in arid regions

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110
Q

Propagative roots

A

Adventitious buds on roots. Develop into suckers (aerial stems). (Fruit trees, tomatoes)

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111
Q

Pneumatophores

A

Spongy roots in water, extend above water surface, enhance gas exchange

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112
Q

Aerial roots

A

In air, not soil

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113
Q

Orchids

A

Velamen roots with epidermis several layers thick to reduce water loss

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114
Q

Corn

A

Prop roots support plants in high wind

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115
Q

Ivies (English ivy, Virginia creeper)

A

Aerial roots aid plants in climbing

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116
Q

Contractile roots

A

Pull plant deeper into the soil (lily bulbs, dandelions)

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117
Q

Buttress roots

A

Stability in shallow soil (tropical trees)

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118
Q

Parasitic roots

A

Plants with no chlorophyll are dependent on chlorophyll bearing plants for nutrition

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119
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Mutualistic association, both fungus and root benefit and are dependent on association for normal development. Fungi facilitate absorption of water and nutrients, especially phosphorus for roots. Plant furnishes sugars and amino acids to fungus. Fungus is particularly susceptible to acid rain

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120
Q

Rhizobium bacteria

A

Produce enzymes that convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and other nitrogenous substances. Root nodules contain large numbers of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They team up with the legume family

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121
Q

Human relevance of roots

A

Source of food, spices, dyes, drugs, insecticide

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122
Q

Soil formation

A

Air 25, water 25, mineral matter 45, organic matter 5

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123
Q

Soil divided into horizons

A

A, E, B, C

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124
Q

A horizon

A

Dark loam, with more organic material than lower layers

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125
Q

E horizon

A

Light loam

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126
Q

B horizon

A

Subsoil. More clay, lighter in color

127
Q

C horizon

A

Parent material

128
Q

Parent material

A

Rock that has not been broken down into smaller particles

129
Q

Rock types

A

Igneous-volcanic. Sedimentary - deposited by glaciers, water, or wind. Metamorphic - changes in igneous or sedimentary rooks from heat and/or pressure

130
Q

Soil contains many organisms and plant parts

A

Bacteria and fungi decompose. Roots and other living organisms produce carbon dioxide. Small animals alter soil. Humus

131
Q

Humus

A

Partially decomposed organic matter, gives soil a dark color

132
Q

Topography

A

Surface features. Steep areas: soil subject to erosion (wind water ice). Flat, poorly drained areas: pools and ponds may appear (slowing plant growth), development of soil arrested. Ideal topography permits drainage without erosion

133
Q

Soil texture

A

Percentage of silt, sand, and clay

134
Q

Sand

A

Small particles 2-.1 mm

135
Q

Silt

A

Most microscopic .05-.002

136
Q

Clay

A

Electron microscope <.002 mm

137
Q

Micelles

A

Individual clay particles. Negatively charged. attract, exchange, or retain positively charged ions, such as K + or Mg ++

138
Q

Best agricultural soils

A

Loams composed of 40 silt, 40 sand, and 20 clay. Coarse soils drain water too quickly. Clay soils allow little water to pass.

139
Q

Soil structure

A

Arrangement or soil particles into aggregates. Productive agricultural soils are granular with pore spaces occupying between 40-60% of the total soil volume. Particle size more important than total volume.

140
Q

Gravitational water

A

Drains out of pore spaces after a rain

141
Q

Capillary water

A

Water held against the force of gravity in soil pores. Determined by structure and organic matter, by density and type of vegetation, and by the location of most underground water tables. Plants depend mostly on this type

142
Q

Hygroscopic water

A

Physically bound to soil particles and unavailable to plants

143
Q

Field capacity

A

Water remaining in soil after water drains away by gravity. Determined by texture, structure, and organic content of soil

144
Q

Permanent wilting point

A

Insufficient water, and plant permanently wilts

145
Q

Available water

A

Soil water between field capacity and the permanent wilting point

146
Q

Soil pH

A

Affects nutrient availability. Usually best is 6.8. Alkalinity causes some minerals to become less available. Acidity inhibits growth of nitrogen fixing bacteria

147
Q

shoot system

A

Branches and leaves

148
Q

A woody twig

A

axis with attached leaves

149
Q

node

A

area of stem where leaves are attached

150
Q

alternate

A

single leaf at node

151
Q

opposite

A

pairs of leaves at node

152
Q

whorled

A

three or more leaves at node

153
Q

internode

A

stem region between nodes

154
Q

petiole

A

leaf attachment to twig. “stem” of leaf

155
Q

axil

A

angle between petiole and stem

156
Q

axillary bud

A

located in axil. becomes branches or flowers.

157
Q

bud scales

A

protect buds

158
Q

terminal bud

A

at twig tip. growth makes twig longer. number of groups of bud scale scars tells age of twig

159
Q

stipules

A

leaf-like appendages at base of leaf

160
Q

deciduous trees and shrubs

A

lose all leaves annually. after leaves fall, have dormant axillary buds with leaf scars below

161
Q

bundle scars

A

mark vascular tissue within leaf scars

162
Q

apical meristem at stem tip

A

contributes to increase in stem length. dormant before growing season begins. protected by bud scales and by leaf primordia

163
Q

leaf primordia

A

tiny embryonic leaves that develop into mature leaves

164
Q

three primary meristems of stems

A

protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem

165
Q

protoderm

A

produces epidermis

166
Q

procambium

A

produces primary xylem and phloem

167
Q

ground meristem

A

produces pith and cortex, both composed of parenchyma cells (for storage)

168
Q

leaf primordia and bud primordia

A

develop into mature leaves and buds

169
Q

trace

A

strand of xylem and phloem. they branch off from stem and enter leaf or bud. each one leaves a gap filled with parenchyma in the cylinder of vascular tissue, forming leaf gap or bud gap

170
Q

vascular cambium of stems

A

develops from a narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and phloem. cells produced by them become components of secondary xylem toward center and secondary phloem toward surface

171
Q

cork cambium of stems

A

produced externally to the phloem. Highly “waterproof” to reduce water loss. Protects stem against injury. contains lenticels

172
Q

Lenticels

A

Parenchyma cells in cork for exchange of gases.

173
Q

Cotyledons

A

Seed leaves attached to embryonic stems (not new tissue in seed). May store food needed by young seedling.

174
Q

Dicotyledons (dicots)

A

Flowering plants that develop from seeds having two cotyledons.

175
Q

Monocotyledons (monocots)

A

Flowering plants that develop from seeds with a single cotyledon.

176
Q

Annual

A

Plant that dies after going from seed to maturity within one growing season. Usually green, herbaceous plants. Most monocots are annuals, but many dicots are also annuals. Tissues largely primary.

177
Q

Biennial

A

2 years from germination to flowering. (Doesn’t flower the first year)

178
Q

Perennial

A

Plants with indefinite growth.

179
Q

Vascular bundles of herbaceous dicot stems

A

arranged in a cylinder. vascular cambium arises between primary xylem and primary phloem. adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem

180
Q

Wood

A

secondary xylem (over 90% of log is xylem)

181
Q

Differences in wood if vascular cambium and cork cambium are active seasonally

A

during spring, relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem produced (spring wood). during summer, fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids and fibers (summer wood). Conifers lack vessel elements and fibers; tracheids larger in spring than later in the season

182
Q

Differences in wood if vascular cambium and cork cambium active year-round

A

ungrained, uniform wood produced (some tropical trees)

183
Q

Annual ring

A

one year’s growth of xylem. Vascular cambium produces more secondary xylem than phloem. bulk of tree trunk consists of annual rings of wood. Indicates age of a tree. Indicates climate during tree’s lifetime.

184
Q

Vascular Rays of Stems

A

Consist of parenchyma cells that function in lateral conduction of nutrients and water

185
Q

Xylem ray of stem

A

Part of a ray withing xylem

186
Q

Phloem ray of stem

A

Part of ray through phloem

187
Q

Tyloses

A

Protursions of adjacent parenchyma cells into conducting cells of xylem. Prevent conduction of water. Resins, gums, and tannins accumulate and darken wood, forming heartwood

188
Q

Heartwood

A

Older, darker wood in center

189
Q

Sapwood

A

lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to cambium

190
Q

Hardwood

A

Wood of dicot trees

191
Q

Softwood

A

Wood of conifers. No fibers or vessel elements

192
Q

Resin canals

A

Tubelike canals scattered throughout xylem and other tissues. Lined with specialized cells that secrete resin. Common in conifers and some tropical trees (olibanum frankincense, myrrh)

193
Q

Bark

A

Tissues outside the vascular cambium, including the secondary phloem. Mature may consist of alternating layeers of chrushed phloem and cork

194
Q

Laticifers

A

ducts found mostly in phloem that have latex-secreting cells (rubber, chicle chewing gum, morphine)

195
Q

Monocot stems

A

have neither a vascular cambium nor a cork cambium. produce no secondary vascular tissues or cork. primary xylem and phloem in discrete vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, oriented with xylem closer to interior of stem and phloem closer to exterior. Parenchyma (ground tissue) surrounds vascular bundles.

196
Q

In a typical monocot vascular bundle

A

2-3 large vessels with several small vessels. first formed xylem cells stretch and collapse, leaving irregularly shaped air space. Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells. Vascular bundle surrounded by sheath of sclerenchyma cells.

197
Q

Rhizomes

A

Specialized stem. Horizontal stems that grow below ground and have long to short internodes (irises, some grasses, ferns).

198
Q

Runners

A

Specialized stems. Horizontal stems that grow above ground and have long internodes (strawberry).

199
Q

Stolons

A

Specialized stems. Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tending to grow in different directions. (potato formed at end of stolon as tuber).

200
Q

Tubers

A

Swollen, fleshy, underground specialized stem that stores food. (potatoes - eyes of potato are nodes).

201
Q

Bulbs

A

Specialized stem. Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves with a small stem at lower end. (Onions, lilies, hyacinths, tulips).

202
Q

Corms

A

Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue with papery leaves. Store food. (crocus and gladiolus)

203
Q

Cladophylls

A

Flattened, leaf-like stems. (greenbriars, some orchids, prickly pear cactus)

204
Q

Primordia

A

Leaf origin in buds

205
Q

At maturity, most leaves have

A

Stalk, flattened blade, network of veins, stipules

206
Q

Stalk of Leaf

A

petiole. Leaves sessile if lacking petiole

207
Q

Flattened blade

A

lamina

208
Q

Network of veins

A

vascular bundles

209
Q

Stipules

A

at base of petiole

210
Q

Leaves of flowering plants

A

associated with leaf gaps and have axillary buds at base

211
Q

Simple leaves

A

have a single blade

212
Q

Compound leaves

A

blade divided into leaflets

213
Q

Pinnately compound leaves

A

leaflets in pairs along rachis (petiole)

214
Q

Bipinnately compound leaf

A

leaflets subdivided

215
Q

Palmately compound leaves

A

All leaflets attached at same point at end of petiole

216
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Capture and storage by green leaves of energy in sugar molecules that are constructed from water and carbon dioxide.

217
Q

Stomata

A

Tiny pores most numerous on lower surfaces of leaves. Allows air circulation (CO2 in, O2 out during photosynthesis). Water vapor also escapes via stomata.

218
Q

Guard cells

A

Control water loss by opening or closing pore of stomatal apparatus

219
Q

Other functions of leaves

A

Wastes from metabolic processes accumulate in leaves and are disposed when leaves are shed. Play major role in movement of water absorbed by roots

220
Q

Transpiration

A

Occurs when water evaporates from leaf surface

221
Q

Guttation

A

Root pressure forces water out hydathodes at tips of leaf veins (esp. overnight)

222
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

Arrangement of leaves on stem

223
Q

Alternate

A

One leaf per node

224
Q

Opposite

A

Two leaves per node

225
Q

Whorled

A

Three or more leaves at a node

226
Q

Venation

A

Arrangement of veins in a leaf or leaflet blade

227
Q

Pinnate Venation

A

Main midvein included within enlarged midrib. Secondary veins branch from midvein.

228
Q

Palmate venation

A

Several primary veins fan out from base of blade

229
Q

Parallel venation

A

Monocots - primary veins parallel

230
Q

Netted or reticulate venation

A

Dicots - Primary veins divergent in various ways

231
Q

Dichotomous venation

A

veins fork evenly and progressively from base of blade

232
Q

Three regions of leaf

A

Epidermis, mesophyll, veins (vascular bundles).

233
Q

Epidermis of leaves

A

Single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf. Devoid of chloroplasts. Coated cuticle (with cutin). Functions to protect tissues inside leaves. Waste materials may accumulate in epidermal cells. Different types of glands may also by present in the epidermis.

234
Q

Lower epidermis

A

typically has a thinner layer of cutin and is perforated by numerous stomata

235
Q

Stomata

A

Bordered by two guard cells.

236
Q

Guard cell function

A

Gas exchange. Regulate water

237
Q

Guard cell operation

A

Water pressure used to inflate or deflate. Deflate: stomata closed. Inflate: stomata open. Also contain chloroplasts (providing E to themselves)

238
Q

Mesophyll of leaves

A

Site of most photosynthesis between epidermal layers.

239
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

Compactly stacked, barrel shaped parenchyma cells, commonly in two rows. Contains most of the leaf’s chloroplasts.

240
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Loosely arranged parenchyma cells with abundant air spaces.

241
Q

Veins (vascular bundles of leaves)

A

Scattered throughout mesophyll, consisting of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by bundle sheath of thicker-walled parenchyma.

242
Q

Monocot Leaf Mesophyll

A

Usually not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers. often have bulliform cells on either side of the main central vein

243
Q

Bulliform cells

A

partly collapse under dry conditions, causing leaf to fold or roll, reducing transpiration by reducing heat load and light reaching chlorophyll.

244
Q

Shade leaves

A

Specialized leaves that receive less total light than sun leaves. Compared to sun leaves, they tend to be larger, thinner, have fewer will defined mesophyll layers and fewer chloroplasts, and have fewer hairs

245
Q

Leaves of arid regions

A

Specialized; reduce loss of water by thick, leathery leaves; fewer (and/or sunken) stomata; succulent, water-retaining leaves or no leaves; dense, hairy coverings

246
Q

Leaves of aquatic areas

A

Specialized. Less xylem and phloem; mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers; large air spaces.

247
Q

Tendrils

A

Modified leaves that curl around more rigid objects, helping the plant to climb or to support weak stems (garden peas)

248
Q

Spines

A

Modified leaves that reduce leaf surface and water loss and protect from herbivory

249
Q

Cacti leaves

A

Leaf tissue replaced with sclerenchyma. Photosynthesis occurs in stems

250
Q

Thorns

A

Modified stems arising in the axils of leaves of woody plants

251
Q

Prickles

A

Outgrowths from epidermis or cortex (like root hairs)

252
Q

Storage leaves

A

Succulent leaves are modified for water storage - have parenchyma cells with large vacuoles; many desert plants store water in this way (aloe vera). Fleshy leaves store carbohydrates (onions, lily)

253
Q

Flower-pot leaves

A

Leaves develop into urn-like pouches that become home of ant colonies. Ants carry in soil and add nitrogenous wastes that provide good growing medium for the plant’s own roots (Dischidia, an epiphyte of Australia).

254
Q

Window leaves

A

Demonstrated in succulent desert plants of Africa. Leaves buried in ground except for exposed end. End has transparent, thick epidermis and transparent water storage cells underneath that allows light into leaf. Buried leaves keep plant from drying out

255
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

Walking fern - New plants form at leaf tips.
Air plant - Tiny plantlets along leaf margins

256
Q

Floral Leaves (bracts)

A

At bases of flowers or flower stalks.
Poinsettia - Flowers do not have petals, instead brightly colored bracts surround flowers.
Clary’s sage - Colorful bracts are at top of flowering stalks above flowers.

257
Q

Insect-trapping Leaves (“Carnivorous”)

A

Grow in swampy areas and bogs. Nitrogen and other elements are deficient in soil. Specialized leaves trap and digest insects.

258
Q

Pitcher plants

A

Insects trapped and digested inside cone-shaped leaves.

259
Q

Sundews

A

Have round to oval leaves covered with glandular hairs that have a sticky fluid of digestive enzymes at tip

260
Q

Venus flytraps

A

Only found in the Carolinas. Blade halves trap insects

261
Q

Bladderworts

A

Submerged or floating in shallow water. Tiny bladders on leaves have trap doors that trap insects inside bladders in less than 1/100th of a second

262
Q

Pigments of chloroplasts of mature leaves

A

Chlorophylls, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. In fall, Chlorophylls break down to reveal other colors

263
Q

Chlorophyll pigment

A

Green

264
Q

Carotenoid and Xanthophyll pigment

A

Yellow

265
Q

Also present in the vacuole

A

Water soluble anthocyanins (red or blue based on pH) and betacyanins (red)

266
Q

Tannins and proteins of many oak leaves

A

react to produce brown leaves

267
Q

Deciduous plants

A

drop leaves seasonally

268
Q

Abscission

A

Process by which leaves are shed. Occurs as a result of changes in zone near base of petiole

269
Q

Protective layer of abscission zone

A

Cells coated and filled with suberin

270
Q

Separation layer of abscission zone

A

Pectins in middle lamella of cells are broken down by enzymes

271
Q

Two major classes of flowering plants

A

Magnoliopsida (dicot) - vascular bundles of stem in ring - and Liliopsida (monocots) - vascular bundles of stem scattered.

272
Q

Embryonic primordium

A

Flower origin that develops into a bud

273
Q

Peduncles

A

Specialized branches at the end of which flowers occur. may have branchlets of pedicels

274
Q

Receptacle

A

Swollen end of peduncle or pedicel.

275
Q

Whorls

A

Other parts of flower attached to the receptacle: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil

276
Q

Sepals

A

outermost whorl. Collectively referred to as calyx. Protects flower while in bud

277
Q

Petals

A

Next whorl inside sepals. Collectively referred to as a corolla. Showy corollas attract pollinators. Inconspicuous or missing corollas in many trees, weeds, grasses, and wind-pollinated plants

278
Q

Perianth

A

Calyx and corolla together

279
Q

Stamens

A

Attached around base of pistil. Each one consists of filament with anther on top. Pollen grains developed in anthers

280
Q

Pistil

A

Consists of stigma, style, and ovary. Ovary develops into fruit

281
Q

Carpel

A

Ovule-bearing unit that is part of the pistil. may be fused together into compound ovary. Pistil can contain one to several of these, affecting number of seeds.

282
Q

Superior ovary

A

Calyx and corolla attached to receptacle at base of ovary

283
Q

Inferior ovary

A

receptacle grows up and around the ovary. Calyx and corolla appear attached at top of ovary

284
Q

Ovules

A

Contained by ovary, they develop into seeds after fertilization

285
Q

Inflorescence

A

groups of flowers

286
Q

Fruit

A

Matured ovary and its accessory parts. Contains seeds. All of them develop from flower ovaries and accordingly are found exclusively in flowering plants.

287
Q

Fruit regions

A

Pericarp
Exocarp - Skin
Mesocarp - tissue between exocarp and endocarp
Endocarp - inner boundary around seed(s)

288
Q

Fleshy fruits

A

Mesocarp at least partly fleshy at maturity

289
Q

Simple fleshy fruits

A

develop from flower with single pistil

290
Q

Drupe

A

simple fleshy fruit with single seed enclosed by hard, stony endocarp (pit)

291
Q

Berry

A

From compound ovary with more than one seed and with fleshy pericarp

292
Q

True berry

A

with thin skin and relatively soft pericarp (tomatoes, grapes, peppers, blueberries, bananas)

293
Q

Pepo berry

A

relatively thick rind (pumpkins, cucumbers)

294
Q

Hesperidium berry

A

Leathery skin containing oils. (citrus - orange, lemon, lime)

295
Q

Pome

A

Flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around ovary. Endocarp papery or leathery. Core and a little of adjacent tissue is from ovary; remainder is from floral tube and receptacle. (Apples and pears).

296
Q

Aggregate fruits

A

Derived from single flower with several to many pistils. Individual pistils mature as clustered unit on a single receptacle (raspberries, blackberries, strawberries).

297
Q

Multiple fruits

A

Derived from several to many flowers in single inflorescence. Individual flowers mature as cluster. (mulberries, Osage orange, pineapples, figs)

298
Q

Dry Fruits

A

Mesocarp dry at maturity

299
Q

Dehiscent fruits

A

Split at maturity

300
Q

Follicle

A

Splits along one site (larkspur, milkweed, peony)

301
Q

Legume

A

Splits along two sides (legume family: peas, beans, lentils, peanuts)

302
Q

Siliques and silicles

A

Split along two sides and seeds remain on now exposed central partition. (Mustard family: broccoli, cabbage)

303
Q

Silique

A

More than three times longer than wide

304
Q

Silicle

A

Less than three times longer than wide

305
Q

Capsules

A

Consist of at least two carpels and split in a variety of ways. (Irises, poppies, violets, snapdragons)

306
Q

Indehiscent fruits

A

do not split at maturity. single seed united with pericarp

307
Q

Achene

A

Base of seed attached to pericarp (sunflower, buttercup, buckwheat)

308
Q

Nut

A

Similar to achene, but larger, with harder and thicker pericarp and a cluster of bracts at base (acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts)

309
Q

Grain (caryopsis)

A

Pericarp tightly united with seed. (Grasses: corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley)

310
Q

Samara

A

Pericarp extends as wings for dispersal (maples, ashes, elms)

311
Q

Schizocarp

A

Twin fruit that breaks into one-seeded segments called mericarps (parsley family: carrots, anise, dill)

312
Q

Dispersal by wind

A

Fruits: samaras, plumes, or hairs on fruit
Seeds: small and lightweight or with wings

313
Q

Dispersal by animals

A

Seeds pass through digestive tract; fruits and seeds adhere to fur or feathers; oils attract ants (Elaiosomes on bleeding hearts used as food by ants)

314
Q

Water dispersal

A

Some fruits contain trapped air for floatation.

Botany (6 decks)

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